Martina Sofia Helena Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg (nÃÆ' Â © e Bergman ; 7 October 1849 - July 29, 1915) is a Swedish-born physical education instructor and women's advocacy advocate who spent most of his working life in England. After studying gymnastics in Stockholm, he moved to London, where he founded the first physical education instructor school in England, where he only accepted women. Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg pioneered the teaching of physical education as a full subject in the English school curriculum, with Swedish-style gymnastics (as opposed to the German model) at its core. He also advocated the use of gymlips by women who played sports, and played an important role in the early development of netball. Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg is a supporter of women's emancipation, which directly encourages women to be active in sports and education, and also contributes money to women's emancipation organizations in their native Sweden. Some of his students founded the Ling Association, which later became the British Physical Education Association.
Video Martina Bergman-Österberg
Early life and career
Martina Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg was born on October 7, 1849 in Hammarlunda, an agricultural community in MalmÃÆ'¶hus County (now part of SkÃÆ' ¥ ne County), Sweden. His parents are Karl Bergman, a farmer, and Betty Lundgren; he also had two brothers who died at a young age, and three sisters who eventually settled abroad. After receiving personal education at home, he was employed as a nanny from 1870-73, and from 1874-77 he worked as a librarian of Nordisk familjebok , where he met his future husband.
In 1879, he began a two-year course at the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute in Stockholm, learning pedagogical and medical exercises. He was trained in the Swedish gymnastics system designed by Pehr Henrik Ling. His gymnastics studies also took him to England, France, Germany and Switzerland. He graduated in 1881, and later that year moved to London.
Maps Martina Bergman-Österberg
London School Board
Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg was appointed in 1881 to the London School Board as Lady Superintendent of Physical Exercises at Girls 'and Infants' schools. Eleven years earlier, the Basic Education Act of 1870 had provided universal basic education in the UK, and allowed schools to receive government grants to provide physical training. But at that time, physical education (or "physical training" at the time) as a subject was not taught in the curriculum of most schools. Military exercises are taught to boys in public schools, while private institutions teach both German-style gymnastics, emphasizing Swedish-based exercise and rhythmic exercises, or Swedish-style gymnastics, using anatomical exercises and exercises- therapeutic exercise. Physical training was allowed for girls in 1873 by the Gladstone government, and within three years it was made compulsory for girls in primary school at the London School Board.
The position of the supervisor at the London School Board was first established in 1878. Since no English teacher had sufficient qualifications at the time, the first was appointed a Swede named Concordia LÃÆ'¶fving, who likes Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg trained at Royal Central Gymnastics Institute in Stockholm. He advocated Swedish gymnastics and introduced it to girls' schools; after one year in that position he has received 600 applications. When Laufving resigned from office in 1881, Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg was appointed as his successor.
Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg is responsible for the instruction of women's physical training teachers and with their competency certification. During his appointment, he trained 1312 teachers in Swedish gymnastics, anatomy and physiology, and pioneered a national physical training training system, combining Swedish gymnastics as taught by Ling. Much of his work focuses on training educators for elementary school students, and during his time at the London School Board, he introduced Swedish gymnastics to nearly 300 schools; in 1888, Swedish gymnastics was taught by qualified teachers in female schools in every department of the London School Board. Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg also organized public demonstrations of his students who performed Swedish gymnastics and promoted women's physical education: one of the public demonstrations in 1883 attended by Prince and Princess Wales, and received approval in the media.
His interest eventually turned to the teaching of middle-class women to become physical training instructors at British public schools. He grew dissatisfied with the bureaucracy at the London School Board, and felt hampered in achieving his goals completely. He also told the incompatibilities of teaching working-class girls in London, observing that they live in an environment of malnutrition, neglect and terrible living conditions.
Hampstead College
In 1885, Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg founded Hampstead's Physical Training College and Gymnasium for women, against financial advice, at Broadhurst Gardens in South Hampstead, London. His college is the first physical training school in England, where he only accepts women, because he feels that female instructors will better understand their female students. While male instructors taught physical training in schools, at that time no institution offered a pedagogical physical training course for men in the UK, who generally had to go to Germany, Denmark or Sweden to obtain formal qualifications.
Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg developed a two-year course modeled at the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute in Sweden. He teaches anatomy, animal physiology, chemistry, physics, cleanliness, movement theory, dancing, deportation, and Swedish gymnastics. English team sports are also taught on campus: although Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg never fully understands them, he greatly appreciates the importance of English for the people, and their potential to teach" the appreciation of space and time, discipline, reason, speed and not selfish ".
Believing that women sex-liberators can be found in the middle class, he deliberately makes high registration fees and low student counts. He only accepts students with above-average intelligence and education, talents for natural science, sound and character constitutions, pleasing performances, and great passion and devotion. Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg's idea of ​​women's emancipation centers on contemporary social Darwinism, directs young students to become mothers, or shapes them to train other young women for such a role:" I try to train my daughters to help improve their gender alone, and to accelerate the progress of the race, because unless the woman is strong, healthy, pure, and true, how is progress? ".
After students enter college, Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg maintains an autocratic rule over their daily lives. He forbade students from visiting their rooms, imposing the initial "light" rule, allowing only cold showers, refusing weekend leave except under special circumstances and censoring their mail. But after completing the course, college graduates are virtually guaranteed jobs in female schools across the country, with a substantial annual salary of £ 100.
In 1886, he married Dr. Edvin Per Wilhelm ÃÆ' â € "sterberg, a professor at the University of Uppsala, and is often referred to as Madame ÃÆ'-sterberg after his marriage. However, while Dr ÃÆ'-sterberg remained in Sweden, Madame ÃÆ'â € "sterberg resumed his work in England, although they visited each other as often as permitted jobs.
Initial development of netball
Martina Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg was noted to have played an important role in the early development of netball. Netball came from basketball, which was invented in the United States in 1891. In 1893, Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg returned from a visit to the United States, and informally introduced a basketball version to his students at Hampstead. Two years later, an American lecturer by the name of Dr. Toles (alternatively spelled "Toll") more formally introduced basketball to his students. The rules of this game have been modified by Madame's students ÃÆ' â € "sterberg for several years. A substantial revision was made during a visit in 1897 from another American teacher, Miss Porter, who introduced the rules of women's basketball in the United States. At this time, the new sport has also acquired a new name: "net ball".
Dartford College
With little room to accommodate the growing number of students, and with the immediate dismantling of the Hampstead campus to make the railroad, then in 1895 Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg bought a large house called Kingsfield on 14-acre (57,000m < > 2 ) at Oakfield Lane in Dartford. He turned the ballroom into the gym, and the watchtower to the servants' quarters, before opening a new campus in September of that year. On his new campus, the school was known as Bergman ÃÆ' â € "sterberg Physical Training College.
Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg's own students have an influence on women's physical education. In 1897, one of his disciples, Mary Tait, discovered a gymlip, a garment that facilitated the practical movement for women who played sports, replacing long skirts and goat skates blouses worn by contemporary sportsmen. Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "Sterberg eagerly adopted new clothes for his students, which became the standard uniform among British students during the 20th century.
A group of graduate students formed the Ling Physical Education Association in 1899, the first association representing emerging professional workers in England. They invited Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg to become president of a new association, but he angrily rejected, denying all his own rival institutions; However, Kathleen McCrone attributes Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg's opposition to the fact that he did not come up with the idea itself. Instead he formed his own, insular association, Bergman ÃÆ' â € "sterberg Union, in 1900. The conflict between the two associations will not be settled until after Bergman-ÃÆ'â €" sterberg's death, with the two organizations joining to form the Association of Ling and Associations Affiliate Gymnastics.. This organization will eventually become the British Physical Education Association.
Dartford college produced a documentary about Madame ÃÆ' â € "sterberg and his legacy of physical education and women's emancipation. Documentary can be found here
Year later and inheritance
Madame Æ' sterberg remained in college for the rest of her life, although she retired from her teaching assignment starting in 1913. Her health reportedly declined in the spring of 1915: on July 29 of that year, Martina Bergman-ÃÆ'â € "sterberg died of cancer at the age 65 years. Before his death, he left his lecture to the English state. He also left 50,000 kr to the National Association for Women's Rights, a women's suffrage organization in Sweden, and donated a property near BÃÆ'  ¥ stad to the Bremer Fredrika Association for the establishment of a garden garden school. He actually, along with Lotten von KrÃÆ'Â|mer, became one of the two most significant single financial supporters of the National Association for Women's Picking Rights, where his nephew Signe Bergman was a prominent figure and had been chairman.
Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg received the Litteris et Artibus medal in 1906 for the work of his life. A British Heritage Blue plaque also commemorates Bergman-Ã-sterberg's original physical training campus at 1 Broadhurst Gardens (NW6) in South Hampstead, London.
The school of physical education instructors for men would not exist in England until the 1930s. During World War II, his lectures at Dartford were evacuated to Newquay in Cornwall, at that time his name was replaced by Dartford Sports Education College. In 1976, Dartford College merged with Thames Polytechnic: gymnastics instruction stopped in 1982, and in 1986 teacher training also ceased; the college was eventually incorporated into the University of Greenwich. The University retains The Bergman ÃÆ'-sterberg Archive, a collection of material on his physical education school at Dartford. The Dartford College site is now operated by North West Kent College after the Greenwich University branch moved to Avery Hill in 2002.
Notes and references
Bibliography
Further reading
- Fletcher, Sheila (1984). First Lady: Tradition of Women in Physical Education of England, 1880-1980 . Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-485-11248-1. Ã,
- May, Jonathan (1963). Madame Bergman-ÃÆ' â € "sterberg: Pioneer of Physical Education and Games for Girls and Women . London: University of London.
External links
- The Bergman ÃÆ' â € "sterberg Union Archive at Greenwich University
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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