Music is a medium-sized art form and cultural activity that is timely. Common musical elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and related concepts of tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and sonic quality of timbre and texture (sometimes called "colors "from musical sound). Different styles or types of music can emphasize, not highlight or eliminate some of these elements. Music is performed with a variety of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rap; there are only instrumental pieces, only vocal pieces (like a song without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine chants and instruments. The word comes from the Greek word ??????? ( mousike ; "art Muses"). View a list of music terms.
In the most general form, activities that describe music as an art form or cultural activity include the creation of musical works (songs, songs, symphonies, etc.), musical criticism, the study of the history of music, and the examination of the aesthetics of music. The ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as a tone that was sorted horizontally as a melody and vertically as harmony. Common sayings like "ball alignment" and "that is music in my ears" point to the idea that music is often ordered and fun to listen to. However, twentieth-century composer John Cage thinks that any sound can be music, say, "No sound, just sound."
The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to the culture and social context. Indeed, throughout history, some new forms or musical styles have been criticized as "not music", including the string quartet Beetoven Grosse Fuge in 1825, early jazz in the early 1900s and hardcore punk in 1980 -an. There are many types of music, including popular music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies and work songs such as chanteys. Music ranges from strictly regulated compositions - such as classical symphonic music from the 1700s and 1800s, to spontaneously played improvisational music such as jazz, and avant-garde style of contemporary music based on opportunity from the 20th century and to- 21.
Music can be divided into genres (eg country music) and the genre can be subdivided into subgenres (eg, blues countries and pop states are two of many subgenre nations), although the dividing line and the relationship between musical genres are often subtle, sometimes open to interpretation private, and sometimes controversial. For example, it may be difficult to draw the line between the early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal. In art, music can be classified as performing arts, visual arts or as the art of hearing. Music can be played or sung and heard directly in rock concerts or orchestral performances, heard directly as part of dramatic works (musical theater or opera performances), or can be recorded and heard on radio, MP3 player, player CD, smartphone or as a movie or TV shows.
In many cultures, music is an important part of the way people live, as it plays a key role in religious rituals, ritual ceremonies (eg, graduation and marriage), social activities (eg dancing) and cultural activities ranging from amateur karaoke singing to play in amateur funk band or singing in the community choir. People may make music as a hobby, like a teenager playing a cello in a young orchestra, or working as a professional musician or singer. The music industry includes people who make new songs and music pieces (such as songwriters and composers), individuals who perform music (which includes orchestras, jazz bands and rock band musicians, singers and conductors), individuals who record music (music producers and voice engineers), individuals who organize concert tours, and individuals who sell recordings and music sheets and scores to customers.
Video Music
Etimologi
The word comes from the Greek word ??????? ( mousike ; "art Muses"). In Greek mythology, nine Muses are goddesses that inspire literature, science, and art and which are the sources of knowledge contained in poetry, song lyrics, and myths in Greek culture. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary , the term "music" comes from "mid-13c., Musike, from Old French Maps Music
As an art or entertainment form
Music is organized and performed for many purposes, ranging from an aesthetic pleasure, religious purpose or ceremony, or as an entertainment product to the market. When music is only available through music score sheets, such as during Classical and Romantic, music lovers will buy sheet music from their favorite songs and songs so they can display it at home on the piano. With the advent of sound recordings, recording of popular songs, rather than sheet music becomes the dominant way that music lovers will enjoy their favorite songs. With the advent of home cassette recorders in the 1980s and digital music in the 1990s, music lovers can create cassettes or playlists of their favorite songs and carry them with portable cassette players or MP3 players. Some music lovers make cassette mixes from their favorite songs, which serve as "self-portraits, friendship cues, recipes for an ideal party... [and] an environment consisting only of what is most beloved."
Amateur musicians can write or perform music for their own pleasure, and earn their income elsewhere. Professional musicians are employed by various institutions and organizations, including armed forces (in marching bands, band concerts and popular music groups), churches and synagogues, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or film production companies, and music schools. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or musicians sessions, look for contracts and engagement in various settings. There is often a lot of connection between amateur and professional musicians. Starting amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in various ensembles such as community concert groups and community orchestras.
Differences are often made between the music performed for the live audience and the music performed in the studio so that it can be recorded and distributed through a music retail system or broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where live performances in front of an audience are also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are very popular both in classical music and in the form of popular music such as rock, where live concerts recorded illegally are appreciated by music lovers. In the band scene, live, intermediate improvisation sessions are preferred over studio recordings.
Composition
"Composition" is the act or practice of making songs, instrumental music, works with songs and instruments, or other types of music. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of writing also includes the creation of musical notation, such as "score" music sheets, which are then performed by composers or by other singers or musicians. In popular music and traditional music, the act of writing, usually called songwriting, may involve the creation of a baseline of songs, called the main sheets, which establish melodies, lyrics and chords. In classical music, composers usually accompany their own compositions, but in musical theater and pop music, songwriters can hire an organizer for orchestration. In some cases, the songwriter may not use the notation at all, and instead write the song in his mind and then play it or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, important footage by influential players is given the weight that a written score is played in classical music.
Even when music is notoriously relative, as in classical music, there are many decisions a player must make, because the notation does not define all elements of music appropriately. The process of deciding how to perform music previously composed and notated is called "interpretation". Different players' interpretations of the same piece of music can vary greatly, in terms of the chosen tempo and the style of playing or singing or symbolizing melody. Composers and songwriters who present their own music interpret their songs, just like those who play the music of others. The standard body of choice and technique is present at a specific time and place is referred to as a performance practice, whereas interpretation is generally used to define a player's individual choices.
Although musical compositions often use music notation and have a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can have several composers, which often happen in popular music when a band collaborates to compose a song, or in a musical theater, when one person writes a melody, a second person writes the lyrics, and a third person organizes the songs. In some musical styles, like blues, a composer/songwriter can create, perform and record new songs or pieces without ever writing them in music notation. A piece of music can also be composed with words, pictures, or computer programs that explain or record how singers or musicians must create a musical sound. Examples range from avant-garde music that uses graphical notation, to text compositions such as Aus den sieben Tagen , to computer programs that choose sound for music pieces. Music that uses a lot of randomness and opportunity is called aleatoric music, and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutos? Awski. A better-known example of opportunity-based music is the sound of wind bells ringing in the wind.
Composition studies have traditionally been dominated by the examination of methods and practices of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is wide enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces as well as improvised spontaneous works such as free jazz and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers.
Notation
In the 2000s, music notation usually meant the written expression of musical notes and rhythm on paper using symbols. When music is written, the tone and rhythm of the music, like melodic tones, is denoted. Music notation also often gives instructions on how to do music. For example, sheet music for a song may state that the song is "slow blues" or "fast swing", which shows the tempo and genre. To read music notation, one must have an understanding of music theory, harmony, and performance practices related to a particular song or song genre.
Written notation varies with style and period of music. In the 2000s, notated music was produced as sheet music or, for individuals with computer scorewriter programs, as images on a computer screen. In ancient times, musical notation was inserted into rocks or clay tablets. To perform music from notation, a singer or a musician needs an understanding of the rhythmic and pitch elements embodied in the symbols and performance practices associated with a piece of music or genre. In a genre that requires improvisation of music, players often play from music where only chord changes and songwriting are written, requiring the player to have a good understanding of the musical structure, harmony and style of a particular genre (eg jazz or country music).
In Western music art, the most common type of written notation is the score, which includes all the musical parts of the ensemble, and the parts, which are musical notations for individual players or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, standard music notation is the main sheet, which marks melodies, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal part), and musical structure. Fake books are also used in jazz; they may consist of main sheets or chord charts, allowing members of the rhythm section to improvise the companion section for jazz songs. Scores and sections are also used in popular music and jazz, especially in big groups like "big band" jazz. In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music marked with tablature (often abbreviated as "tab"), which indicates the location of the note to be played on the instrument using a guitar or bass fingerboard diagram. Tabulature is also used in the Baroque era for musical notation for lute, stringed instruments, fretted.
Improvisation
Improved music is the creation of spontaneous music, often in (or based on) existing harmonic frameworks or chord progressions. Improvisation is the act of instantaneous composition by players, in which compositional techniques are used with or without preparation. Improvisation is a major part of several types of music, such as blues, jazz, and jazz fusion, in which instrumental players improvise solos, melodic lines and companions. In the tradition of Western art music, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era. In the Baroque era, improvisation of voice and basso continuo keyboard players improvised chord voicings based on patterned bass notation. In the Classical era, soloists and singers improvise virtuoso during the concert. However, in the 20th and early 21st centuries, as a "common practice" the performance of Western music art became institutionalized in symphonic orchestras, opera and ballet buildings, improvisation has played a smaller role. At the same time, some modern composers increasingly include improvisation in their creative work. In Indian classical music, improvisation is a core component and an important criterion of the show.
Theory
Music theory includes the nature and mechanics of music. Often involves identifying patterns that govern the composer technique and checking the language and musical notation. In a big way, music theory refines and analyzes the parameters or elements of music - rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, shape, and texture. Broadly speaking, music theory can include statements, beliefs, or conceptions or about music. People who study these traits are known as music theorists. Some have applied acoustics, human physiology, and psychology to an explanation of how and why music is perceived.
Element
Music has many different platforms or elements. Depending on the definition of "element" used, this may include: pitch, beat or pulse, tempo, rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, style, sound allocation, timbre or color, dynamics, expression, articulation, shape and structure. The musical elements stand out in the curriculum of Australian, English and American music. These three curriculum identify tone, dynamics, timbre and texture as elements, but other elements that the music identifies are far from universally agreed. Below is a list of three official versions of "music elements":
- Australia: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics and expression, rhythm, shape, and structure.
- English: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics, duration, tempo, structure.
- US: tone, timbre, texture, dynamics, rhythm, shape, harmony, style/articulation.
In conjunction with the UK curriculum, in 2013 the term "appropriate music notation" is added to the list of elements and the title of the list is changed from "music element" to "interrelated musical dimension". The interconnected dimensions of music are listed as: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure and appropriate musical notation.
The phrase "musical elements" is used in a number of different contexts. The two most common contexts can be distinguished by describing them as "basic elements of music" and "elements of musical perception".
Rudimentary elements
In the 1800s, the phrases "musical elements" and "basics of music" were used interchangeably. The elements described in these documents refer to the musical aspects needed to become a musician, recent writers like Estrella seem to use the phrase "musical elements" in the same way. The most accurate definition reflects this usage is: "the basic principles of art, science, etc.: The grammatical elements." The British curriculum turned to "interrelated musical dimensions" seems to be a step backward to use the basic elements of music.
Perceptual elements
Since the emergence of the study of psychoacoustics in the 1930s, most of the list of elements of music is more related to how we hear music than how we learn to play it or learn it. C. Seashore, in his book Psychology of Music , identified four "psychological sound attributes". These are: "pitch, loudness, timing, and timbre" (page 3). He does not call them "musical elements" but calls them "component elements" (page 2). However, the components of this element are connected precisely to the four most common musical elements: "Pitch" and "timbre" are exactly the same, "loudness" connects with dynamics and "time" connected with elements, duration and tempo based time. The use of the phrase "musical elements" is more closely related to the definition of the New Wallth Century Dictionary of an element as: "a substance that can not be divided into a simpler form by a known method "and education. the list of institutional elements is generally in line with this definition as well.
Although the authors of the "basic elements of music" list can change their list depending on their personal (or institutional) priorities, the musical perception elements must consist of a set list (or proven) of discrete elements that can be manipulated independently to achieve the desired musical effect. It seems that at this stage there is still research to be done in this field.
Style analysis
Some styles of music place an emphasis on some of these basic things, while others lack emphasis on certain elements. To give one example, while the Bebop-era jazz uses a very complicated chord, including fickle dominance and challenging chord progression, with chords that change twice or more per bar and keys that change multiple times in a song, great emphasis on rhythm and groove, with entire songs based around vampires on a single chord. While Romantic classical music from the mid to late 1800s greatly capitalized on the dramatic changes of dynamics, from whispering parts of the pianissimo to booming fortissimo parts, some baroque dance suites for harpsichords from the early 1700s could use a single dynamics. To give you another example, while some artworks, like very long symphonies, some pop songs are just a few minutes away.
Description of element
Pitch and melody
Pitch is the aspect of the sound that we can hear, reflects whether a single musical sound, a tone or a tone is "higher" or "lower" than any other musical sound, tone or tone. We can talk about the greatness or curvature of the tone in a more general sense, such as the way listeners listen to a very sharp piccolo or whistling tone as a high note rather than a deep bass drum boom. We also talk about pitch in the proper sense associated with music melody, bassline and chord. The right pitch can only be determined in a voice that has a clear frequency and is stable enough to distinguish from noise. For example, it is easier for the listener to understand the tone of a tone played on the piano than to try to distinguish the tone from the cymbal of a hit accident.
The melody (also called "tune") is a successive series of tones (one by one), often in up and down patterns. Melody tones are usually created using a tone system such as scale or mode. Melodies also often contain the tone of the chords used in the song. Melodies in simple folk songs and traditional songs can use only records of a single scale, the scale associated with tonic or key tones of a given song. For example, a folk song in key C (also called C major) may have a melody that only uses the tone of the C major scale (individual records C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; white "on piano keyboards.On the other hand, the Bebop jazz of the 1940s and contemporary music of the 20th and 21st centuries can use melodies with many chromatic notes (ie notes in addition to large-scale notes, on pianos, chromatic scales will include all the tones on the keyboard, including "white tones" and "black tones" and unusual scales, such as the overall tone scale (the overall tone scale in the C key will contain C, D, E, F ? , G ? and A ? .) Low and deep music line which are played by bass instruments such as double bass, electric bass or tubes called bassline.
Harmony and chord
Harmony refers to the "vertical" sound of the tone in the music, which means a tone played or sung together at the same time to create a chord. Usually this means the note is played at the same time, though harmony can also be implied by melodies depicting the harmonic structure (ie, using melodic notes played one by one, outlining chord notes). In music written using a major-tone ("key") tone system, which includes most of the classical music written from 1600 to 1900 and most of Western pop music, rock and traditional music, the key of a piece determines the scale used, which centered around "home records" or key tonics. Simple classic pieces and many traditional pop and music songs are written so that all music is in one key. More classical, pop and traditional music and classical music may have two keys (and in some cases three or more keys). Classical music from the Romantic era (written around 1820-1900) often contains many keys, such as jazz, especially the Bebop jazz of the 1940s, where the key or "home record" of a song can change every four bars or even every song two bars.
Rhythm
Rhythm is the sound setting and the silence in time. Meters animate time in the grouping of ordinary pulses, called sizes or bars, which in Western classical, popular and traditional music often record groups in sets of two (eg, 2/4 time), three (eg, 3/4 time, also known as Waltz time, or 3/8 time), or four (for example, 4/4 time). Meters are made easier to hear because songs and frequent (but not always) pieces place emphasis on the first beat of each grouping. Notable Exceptions exist, such as the backbeats used in many pop and western rocks, where a song that uses a four-tone measure (called 4/4 time or general time) will have an accent on two and four taps, usually done by a drummer on a snare drum, a strong and distinctive percussion instrument. In pop and rock, the rhythm section of a song is played by the rhythm section, which includes chord-playing instruments (eg, electric guitars, acoustic guitars, pianos, or other keyboard instruments), bass instruments (usually electric bass or for some styles such as jazz and bluegrass, double bass) and drum kit player.
Texture
The texture of the music is the overall sound of a piece of music or song. The piece or singing texture is determined by how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall nature of the sound in a piece. Texture is often described in terms of density, or thickness, and range, or width, between lowest and highest pitch, in relative terms and more specifically distinguished by the number of sounds, or parts, and relationships between these sounds. (see the general types below). For example, thick textures contain many 'layers' of instruments. One of these layers can be a string part, or another brass. The thickness is also influenced by the amount and wealth of the instrument. The texture is generally depicted according to the number and relationship between the piece or line of music:
- monophony: a single melody (or "tune") with an instrumental accompaniment or a part of harmony. A mother singing a lullaby for her baby would be an example.
- heterophony: two or more instruments or singers who play/sing the same melody, but with each player slightly changing the rhythm or melody speed or adding different ornaments to the melody. Two bluegrass violinists play the same traditional violin tracks usually each vary the melody slightly and each add a different ornament.
- polyphony: some independent melodic lines that weave together, sung or played at the same time. The choir music written in the era of Renaissance music is usually written in this style. A round, which is a song like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat", consisting of different groups of singers starting to sing at different times, is a simple polyphony example.
- homophony: a clear melody supported by a chordal accompaniment. Most of the Western popular music songs from the 19th century onwards are written in this texture.
Music that contains a large number of independent parts (for example, a double concerto accompanied by 100 orchestra instruments with many melodic ties) is generally said to have a "thicker" or "denser" texture than a work with some parts (for example, a solo flute melody accompanied by single cello).
Timbre or "tone color"
Timbre, sometimes called "color" or "tone color" is the quality or sound of a sound or instrument. Timbre is what makes certain music sounds different from others, even when they have the same tone and loudness. For example, 440 Hz A sounds different when played on oboe, piano, violin or electric guitar. Even if different players of the same instrument play the same tone, their notes may sound different due to differences in instrumental techniques (eg, various embouchures), different types of accessories (eg funnel for brass players, reeds for oboe players and bassoon) or strings made of different materials for string players (eg, intestinal string versus steel strings). Even two instrumentalists playing the same tone on the same instrument (one at a time) may sound different because of the way different instruments play (eg, two string players may hold the bow differently).
Physical sound characteristics that determine timbre perception include spectrum, envelope and tone of voice or music. For electric instruments developed in the 20th century, such as electric guitars, electric basses and electric pianos, players can also change the tone by adjusting the equalizer controls, tone controls on the instrument, and by using electronic effect units such as distortion pedals. Hammond's organ tones are controlled by organizing drawbars.
Expression
Expressive quality is the elements in music that create changes in music without changing the main tone or substantially altering the rhythm of the melody and its accompaniment. Performers, including singers and instrumentalists, can add musical expressions to songs or chunks by adding sentences, adding effects such as vibrato (with sound and some instruments, such as guitar, violin, brass instruments and woodwinds), dynamics (loudness or softness of pieces or parts from that), temporal fluctuations (eg, ritardando or accelerando, which, respectively slow down and speed up tempo), by adding pauses or fermatas to rhythms, and by altering the articulation of notes (eg, making clearer or accented notes, more legato, which means to connect smoothly, or by making shorter notes).
Expressions are achieved through pitch manipulation (such as inflection, vibrato, slide etc.), volume (dynamics, accents, tremolo etc), duration (tempo fluctuations, rhythmic changes, change of note duration like with legato and staccato, etc.), timbre (eg change timbre vocals from light to sound resonance) and sometimes even textures (eg doubling bass notes for richer effects in a piece of piano). Therefore, expressions can be seen as the manipulation of all elements to convey "indications of mood, spirit, character, etc." and therefore can not be included as a unique perceptual element of music, although it can be considered an essential element of music.
Form
In music, the form describes how the whole structure or plan of a song or piece of music, and describes the layout of a composition divided into sections. At the beginning of the 20th century, Tin Pan Alley songs and Broadway music songs are often in the form of AABA 32 bars, where part A repeats the same eight-bar melody and part B provides contrasting melodies and/or harmonies for 8 bar. From the 1960s onward, Western pop and rock songs were often in the form of poetry-chorus, which was based on a sequence of poems and choruses ("refrain"), with new lyrics for most verses and lyrics repeating to choruses. Popular music often uses a strophic form, sometimes along with twelve blues bars.
In the 10th edition of The Oxford Companion to Music, Percy Scholes defines the musical form as "a series of strategies designed to find a successful average between the opposite extremes of untamed repetition and the absent change comparison. " Examples of common forms of Western music include fuga, invention, sonata-allegro, canon, strophic, theme and variety, and rondo. Scholes states that European classical music has only six stand-alone forms: simple binary, simple ternary, multiple binary, rondo, air with variations, and fugue (although musician Alfred Mann emphasizes that fugue is primarily a compositional method sometimes taken on certain structural conventions.)
Where a piece can not be easily broken down into parts units (although it may borrow some form from poetry, story or program), it is said through the composition. As with fantasia, introduction, rhapsody, etude (or study), symphonic poetry, bagatelle, impromptu, etc. Professor Charles Keil classifies formal forms and details as "sectional, developmental, or variational."
- Sectional Form
This form is built from a series of clear units that can be referred to by letters but also often have generic names such as introduction and coda, exposition, development and recapitulation, clause, choir or refrain, and bridge. Introductions and codas, when they are no more than that, are often excluded from formal analysis. All units are usually eight steps in size. Sectional forms include:
- Strophic Form
This form is defined by "untamed repetition" ( AAAA ...).
- Medley
Medley, potpourri is an extreme opponent, "unacceptable variation": it is an infinite series of stand-alone parts ( ABCD ...), sometimes with repetitions ( AABBCCDD ...). Examples include orchestral bids, which are sometimes no more than a series of the best songs of the upcoming theater or opera show.
- Binary Shape
This form uses two parts ( AB ...), each of which is often repeated ( AABB ...). In Western classical music of the 18th century, the form of "simple binary" is often used for dance and brings convention that the two parts must be in different musical keys but rhythm, duration and the same tone. Two-tone changes provide enough variation to allow the dance to be extended for as long as desired. b
- Ternary form
This form has three parts. In Western classical music the simple ternary form has the third part of the first recapitulation ( ABA ). Often, the first part is repeated ( AABA ). This approach was very popular in the aria opera of the 18th century, and was called capo (ie the "repeat from above" form). Then, it brings up a 32-bar song, with the B section then often referred to as the "middle eight". A song has more needs than a dance of a stand-alone form with the beginning and end of course.
- form Rondo
This form has a recurring theme alternating with different sections (usually contrast) called "episodes". It may be asymmetric ( ABACADAEA ) or symmetric ( ABACABA ). Repetitive sections, especially the main theme, sometimes more thoroughly varied, or one episode may be the "development" of it. A similar arrangement is the ritornello form of baroque concerto grosso. The arch shape ( ABCBA ) resembles a symmetrical rondo without intermediate repetition of the main theme. Usually used in rounds.
- Form of variation
Variational forms are variations that are important formative elements.
Themes and Variations: a theme, which in itself can be a shorter form (binary, ternary, etc.), forms the only "part" and is repeated indefinitely (as in strophic form) but varying each time (A, B, A, F, Z, A), thus creating a sort of sectional chain shape. An important variant of this, widely used in 17th century English music and in Passacaglia and Chaconne, is the ground bass - the repetitive bass theme or repetitive basso ostinato remaining of the structure revealed, often, but not always, spin polyphonic or contrapuntal threads, or improvising divisions and descants. This is said by Scholes (1977) as a form of par excellence of instrumental music without a companion or no companion. Rondo is often found with varying sections ( AA 1 BA 2 CA 3 BA 4 ) or ( ABA 1 CA 2 B 1 A ).
- Forms of development
Developmental forms are built directly from smaller units, such as motifs. A classic masterpiece known for its motif is Beethoven's fifth symphony, which begins with three short repetitive notes and then a long note. In classical works based on motifs, motives are usually combined, varied and worked in different ways, may have a symmetrical foundation or like progressive arches and progress from beginning to end. By far the most important form of development in Western classical music is the Sonata form. This form, also known as the form of sonata, forms the first movement, binary compound, ternary and various other names, developed from the binary-shaped dance movement described above but almost always shown in a larger ternary. the form has a nominal subdivision Exposure, Development and Recapitulation . Normally, but not always, the "A" section (Exposition and Recapitulation, respectively) can be divided into two or three themes or groups of themes taken split and combined to form part "B" (development) - so e. g. (AabB [dev. From a and/or b] A 1 ab 1 coda). This form of development is generally confined to certain parts of the piece, such as the central part of the first sonata movement, although 19th-century composers such as Berlioz, Liszt and Wagner made a courageous attempt to obtain the great work of pure or primarily motive.
History
Initial history
Prehistoric music can only be theorized based on findings from paleolithic archaeological sites. Flutes are often found, carved from the bone where the lateral hole has been pierced; this is thought to have been blown up on one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave's femur bear, is estimated to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-transverse flute and various types of stringed instruments, such as Ravanahatha, have been found from the archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world - a reference to Indian classical music ( clan ) found in the Vedas, the ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition. The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric instruments was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC. The "Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal", found on clay tablets that date back to around 1400 BC, is the oldest recorded music notation.
Ancient Egyptian
The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods, Thoth, with the invention of music, with Osiris in turn being used as part of his efforts to civilize the world. The earliest materials and representative proof of Egyptian musical instruments came from the Predynastic period, but the evidence is safer in the Old Kingdom when the harp, flute and double clarinet are played. The instruments of percussion, harp and harp were added to the orchestra by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals are often accompanied by music and dance, as they still do in Egypt today. Egyptian folk music, including traditional sufi rituals, is the contemporary genre of music closest to ancient Egyptian music, having retained many of its features, rhythms, and instruments.
Asian Cultures
Indian classical music is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world. Indus Valley civilization has statues showing old dances and musical instruments, such as seven sheep flutes. Various types of stringed instruments and drums have been found from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations made by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. Rgveda has elements of Indian music today, with musical notation to show the meter and the singing mode. Indian classical music (marga) is monophonic, and based on a single melodic or rhythmic line rhythmically arranged through taro. Silappadhikaram by Ilango Adigal provides information on how a new scale can be formed by switching tonic capital from an existing scale. Hindustan music is influenced by the Persian practice of Mughal Afghanistan. Carnival music, popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs addressed to the Hindu gods. There are also many songs that emphasize love and other social problems.
Asian music includes Arabic music culture, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Chinese classical music, traditional art or Chinese court music, has a history that stretches for about three thousand years. It has a unique system of musical notation, as well as tuning and pitching of music, musical instruments and styles or musical genres. Chinese music is pentatonic-diatonic, has a twelve-tone scale up to an octave (5 7 = 12) as does European-influenced music. Persian music is Persian and Persian-speaking music: musiqi , science and music art, and music , sound and musical performances (Sakata 1983).
References in the Bible
Music and theater academics who studied the history and anthropology of Judeo-Semitic and early Semitic cultures have found common links in theatrical and musical activity between the classical Hebrew cultures and later Greeks and Romans. The general area of ​​performance is found in the "social phenomenon called litany," a form of prayer consisting of a series of prayers or requests. The Journal of Religion and Theater notes that among the earliest forms of litany, "the Hebrew litany is accompanied by a rich musical tradition:"
- "While Genesis 4.21 identifies Jubal as" the father of all such as the harp and pipe handling, "the Pentateuch is almost silent about the practice and instruction of music early in the life of Israel.Then, in I Samuel 10 and the subsequent texts, something "Someone finds in the biblical text," writes Alfred Sendrey, "a sudden explosion of choruses and large orchestras, consisting of organized and trained music groups, which would be almost unimaginable without long and methodical preparations. "This has led some scholars to believe that the prophet Samuel is a school patriarch, who not only teaches prophets and saints but also holy ritual musicians.The public music school, perhaps the earliest in recorded history, is not limited to the priesthood class - which is how David's shepherd boy appeared on the scene as a singer for King Saul. "
Ancient Greek
Music is an important part of social and cultural life in ancient Greece. Musicians and singers play an important role in Greek theater. A mixed gender blend is conducted for entertainment, celebrations, and spiritual ceremonies. Instruments include double reed aulos and stringed instruments are quoted, lyre , especially special types called kithara . Music is an important part of education, and boys are taught music from the age of six. The literacy of Greek music created the development of music. Greek music theory included the mode of Greek music, which eventually became the basis for Western religious and classical music. Later, influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek music. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The oldest surviving work written on the subject of music theory is Aristoxenus's Harmonica Stoicheia .
Medieval
The medieval era (476 to 1400), which occurred during the Middle Ages, began with the introduction of monophonic singing into the service of the Roman Catholic Church. Notation of music was used since ancient times in Greek culture, but in the Middle Ages, the notation was first introduced by the Catholic church so singing songs could be written, to facilitate the use of the same melody for religious music throughout the Catholic. Empire. The only medieval European treasury that has been found in written form from before the year 800 is the liturgical liturgy of the monophonic liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, a major tradition called the Gregorian chants. Alongside the traditions of sacred music and this church there is a living tradition of secular songs (non-religious songs). Examples of composers from this period are LÃÆ' Â © onin, PÃÆ' Â © rotin, Guillaume de Machaut, and Walther von der Vogelweide.
Renaissance
Renaissance music (around 1400 to 1600) focuses more on secular (non-religious) themes, such as compassion. Around the year 1450, the printing press was invented, which made the music mold sheets much cheaper and easier to mass-produce (before the invention of the printing press, all the notes were copied by hand). The increasing availability of sheet music helps spread the style of music faster and traverses a wider area. Musicians and singers often work for churches, courts and cities. The church choir is growing, and the church remains an important musical protector. In the mid-fifteenth century, composers wrote rich, polyphonic sacred music, where different melodic lines were interwoven together. The leading composers of this era include Guillaume Dufay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Orlande de Lassus. When musical activity shifts from church to aristocratic palace, kings, queens, and princes compete for the best composers. Many of the leading composers come from the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. They are called Franco-Flemish composers. They hold important positions throughout Europe, especially in Italy. Other countries with lively musical activities include Germany, Britain and Spain.
Baroque
The Baroque music era lasted from 1600 to 1750, when Baroque artistic styles flourished throughout Europe; and during this time, music evolves within its reach and complexity. Baroque music began when the first opera (dramatic solo vocal music accompanied by the orchestra) was written. During the Baroque era, polyphonic contraptive music, in which multiple, simultaneous independent melodic lines were used, remained important (counters are important in medieval vocal music). German Baroque composers write for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds, as well as for choir and keyboard instruments such as pipe organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During this period some major musical forms were defined that lasted in later periods when they expanded and expanded further, including fuga, discovery, sonata, and concerts. The final baroque style is polyphonically complex and rich in ornaments. Important composers of the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, and Antonio Lucio Vivaldi.
Classical
The Music of the Classical Period (1730-1820) aims to mimic what is seen as a key element of the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome: the ideals of balance, proportion and expression of discipline. (Note: music from the Classical Period should not be confused with Classical music in general, a term referring to Western art music from the 5th century to the 2000s, which includes the Classical period as one of a number of periods). Music from the Classical period has a lighter, clearer and much simpler texture than the Baroque music that preceded it. The main style is homophony, where the prominent melodies and subordinate chordal accompaniments are distinctly different. Classical instrumental melodies tend to be almost sound-like and can be sung. The new genre was developed, and fortepiano, the pioneer of modern pianos, replaced the Baroque era harpsichord and pipe organ as the main keyboard instrument.
The importance is given to instrumental music. It is dominated by the further development of the musical forms originally defined in the Baroque period: sonatas, concertos, and symphonies. The other main types are the trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. Sonata is the most important and growing form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the classic style of the sonata is completely different. All major instrumental forms of the Classical era, from string quartets to symphonies and concerts, are based on the structure of the sonata. The instruments used in room and orchestra music became more standardized. In place of the Baroque era continuo basso group, consisting of piano, organ or harp along with a number of bass instruments selected at the wisdom of the group leader (eg, viol, cello, theorbo, snake), the Classroom group uses predefined standard instruments (eg, the string quartet will be performed by two violins, viola and cello). Baroque improvisational chord-playing of the continuous keyboardist or lute player is gradually removed between 1750 and 1800.
One of the most important changes made in the Classical period is the development of public concerts. Aristocracy still plays an important role in sponsoring concerts and compositions, but it is now possible for composers to survive without being permanent employees of the queens or princes. The increasing popularity of classical music led to growth in the number and type of orchestra. The expansion of the orchestra concert requires the construction of a large public performance space. Symphonic music includes symphonies, musical accompaniment to ballet and a mixture of vocal/instrumental genres such as operas and oratorio become more popular.
The most famous composers of Classics are Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert. Beethoven and Schubert were also regarded as composers in the later part of the Classical era, as they began to move towards Romanticism.
Romanticism
Romantic music (circa 1810 to 1900) of the 19th century has many elements in common with Romantic style in literature and painting of the era. Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism and the glorification of all past and nature. Romantic music evolves beyond the rigid and classic forms of the Classical era into more vibrant and dramatic pieces and expressive songs. Romantic composers such as Wagner and Brahms try to increase the expression of emotion and strength in their music to portray deeper truths or human feelings. With symphonic tone poems, composers try to tell stories and evoke images or landscapes using instrumental music. Some composers promote nationalistic pride with patriotic orchestra music inspired by folk music. Emotional and expressive music quality takes precedence over tradition.
The romantic composer grew in the privilege, and went further in syncretism exploring different forms of art in the context of music, (like literature), history (historical figures and legends), or nature itself. Romantic love or longing is a common theme in many works compiled during this period. In some cases the formal structure of the classical period continues to be used (eg, the sonata form used in string quartets and symphonies), but these forms are extended and altered. In many cases, new approaches are explored for existing genres, forms, and functions. Also, new forms are created that are considered more in line with new subject matter. The composers continue to develop opera and ballet music, exploring new styles and themes.
In the years after 1800, the music developed by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert introduced a more dramatic and expressive style. In the case of Beethoven, the short motif, which was developed organically, replaced the melody as the most significant composition unit (for example four special notes used in the Fifth Symphony). Then Romantic composers like Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, AntonÃÆ'n Dvo? ÃÆ'¡k, and Gustav Mahler uses more unusual chords and more dissonance to create dramatic tension. They produce complex and often much longer musical works. During the final Romantic period, the composers explored dramatic tone changes, such as long chords and modified chords, creating a new "color" sound. The late 19th century experienced a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and the industrial revolution helped create better instruments, creating a stronger voice. Public concerts are an important part of rich urban society. It also sees new diversity in musical theater, including operetta, and musical comedies and other musical theater forms.
20th and 21st music
In the 19th century, one of the main ways that new compositions are known to the public is by selling sheet music, which middle-class amateur music lovers will perform at home with pianos or other common instruments, such as violins. With 20th century music, the invention of new electrical technologies such as radio broadcasting and the mass market availability of phonographs means that sound recording of songs and pieces heard by listeners (either on the radio or on their record player) becomes the main way to learn about songs and new pieces. There was a huge increase in listening to music as radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to play back and distribute music, because while in the 19th century, the focus on music sheets restricted access to new music to the middle class and upscale people who could read music and who has a piano and instrument, in the 20th century, anyone with a radio or a record player can hear operas, symphonies, and big bands right in their living room. This allows low-income people, who will not be able to afford opera concert tickets or symphonies to listen to this music. It also means that people can hear music from different parts of the country, or even different parts of the world, even if they are unable to travel to these locations. It helps spread the style of music.
The focus of art music in the 20th century is characterized by the exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. The horrors of World War I influenced many arts, including music, and some composers began exploring darker and louder voices. Traditional music styles such as jazz and folk music are used by composers as a source of ideas for classical music. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and John Cage are all influential composers in 20th century art music. The discovery of sound recordings and the ability to edit music gave rise to new subgenres of classical music, including acousmatic schools and Musique concrÃÆ'¨te electronic compositions. Voice recording is also very influential on the development of popular music genres, as it allows recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. The introduction of the multitrack recording system has had a major influence on rock music, as it can do more than record the band's performance. Using multitrack systems, bands and music producers they can overdub many layers of instrument and vocal tracks, creating new sounds that would not be possible in live performances.
Jazz developed and became an important musical genre during the 20th century, and during the second half of that century, rock music did the same thing. Jazz is an American music art that originated in the early 20th century in the African American community in the Southern United States from a meeting of African and European musical traditions. The West African style tree is very clear in the use of blue notes, improvisations, polyrhythms, syncopation, and swinging notes.
Rock music is a popular musical genre that developed in the 1960s from rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, and country music in the 1950s. Rock sounds often revolve around an electric guitar or an acoustic guitar, and he uses a strong back beat defined by the rhythm section of electric bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as organs, pianos, or, since the 1970s, analog synthesizers and digital and computers since the 1990s. Along with guitar or keyboard, saxophone and blues-style harmonics are used as solo instruments. In the "purest form," it "has three chords, a strong and continuous backbone, and an interesting melody."
Performance
Performance is a physical expression of music, which occurs when a song is sung or when a piece of piano, electric guitar melody, symphony, drum beat or other musical parts are played by musicians. In classical music, musical works are written in musical notation by a composer and then performed after the composer is satisfied with its structure and instrumentation. However, as it is done, the interpretation of songs or pieces can evolve and change. In classical music, instrumental players, singers or conductors can gradually make changes to the expression or tempo of a song. In popular and traditional music, players have more freedom to make changes to the form of songs or pieces. Thus, in the style of popular and traditional music, even when bands play cover songs, they can make changes such as adding guitar solos or introducing the introduction.
A show can be planned and trained (practiced) - which is the norm in classical music, with large bands of jazz and many popular musical styles - or improvisations on chords (chords), which is the norm in small jazz and blues groups. Orchestration exercises, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. Rock, blues and jazz bands are usually led by band leaders. An exercise is a structured repetition of a song or piece by the players until it can be sung and/or played correctly and, if it is a song or piece for more than one musician, until the parts are together from a rhythmic perspective and tuning. Improvisation is the creation of musical ideas-melodies or other lines of music made on the spot, often based on a scale or a pre-existing melody riff.
Many cultures have a strong tradition of solo performances (in which one singer or player plays a role), as in Indian classical music, and in Western art-music traditions. Other cultures, such as in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance can range from improvised solo playing to highly planned and organized performances such as modern classical concerts, religious processions, classical music festivals, or music competitions. The music room, which is music for a small ensemble with only a few of each type of instrument, often looks more intimate than the big symphonic works.
Oral and aural traditions
Many types of music, such as traditional blues and folk music are not written in sheet music; Instead, they were initially preserved in the players' memory, and the songs were inherited orally, from one musician or singer to another, or aurally, in which a player learned the song "by ear". When composers of songs or songs are no longer known, these music are often classified as "traditional" or as "folk songs". Different musical traditions have different attitudes toward how and where to make changes to the original source material, from the very tight, to the demanding improvisations or modifications to music. History and cultural stories can also be conveyed through the ear through songs.
Ornament
In music, "ornaments" are ornaments for melodies, basslines or other musical parts. Details that are explicitly included in music notation vary between genres and historical periods. In general, art music notation from the 17th century to the 19th century requires players to have a lot of contextual knowledge about the style of the show. For example, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the music denoted to soloists usually showed a simple and unadorned melody. However, players are expected to know how to add stylish ornaments to add interest to music, such as trill and turn.
In the 19th century, the art of music for solo players can provide general instructions such as to perform music expressively, without explaining in detail how performers should do this. Players are expected to know how to use tempo changes, accentuations, and pauses (among other devices) to get this "expressive" style of appearance. In the 20th century, art music notation often became more explicit and used various signs and annotations to show players how they should play or sing the song.
Philosophy and aesthetics
Music philosophy is a sub-field of philosophy. The musical philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about music. The study of music philosophy has many connections to philosophical questions in metaphysics and aesthetics. Some basic questions in music philosophy are:
- What is the definition of music? (What are the necessary and sufficient conditions to classify something as music?)
- What is the relationship between music and the mind?
- What does music history tell us about the world?
- What is the relationship between music and emotion?
- What does it mean in relation to music?
In ancient times, as with the Ancient Greeks, the aesthetic of music explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organizations. In the 18th century, the focus shifted to the experience of listening to music, and thus the question of the beauty and enjoyment of human beings ( plaisir and jouissance ) music. The origin of this philosophical shift is sometimes attributed to Baumgarten in the 18th century, followed by Kant. Through their writing, the ancient term 'aesthetics', which means sensory perception, accepts its present connotation. In the 2000s, philosophers tended to emphasize problems other than beauty and pleasure. For example, the ability of music to express emotions has become a central issue.
In the 20th century, important contributions were made by Peter Kivy, Jerrold Levinson, Roger Scruton, and Stephen Davies. However, many musicians, music critics, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In the 19th century, there was a significant debate between Eduard Hanslick, a music critic and music expert, and composer Richard Wagner as to whether music can express meaning. Harry Partch and several other musicians, such as Kyle Gann, have studied and cast
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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