Human geography is a branch of geography that deals with the study of people and communities, cultures, economies, and their interactions with the environment by studying their relationships with and across spaces and places. Human geography is present for patterns of human social interaction, as well as spatial level interdependence, and how they affect or influence the Earth's environment. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided into sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter concentrating on the study of human activities, with the application of qualitative and quantitative research methods.
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Histori
Geography is not recognized as a formal academic discipline until the 18th century, though many scholars have geographically been geographically longer, especially through cartography.
The Royal Geographical Society was founded in England in 1830, though Britain did not get its first full Geography until 1917. The first real geographical intellect that emerged in Britain's geographical mind was Halford John Mackinder, who appointed readers at the University of Oxford in 1887.
The National Geographic Society was founded in the United States in 1888 and began publishing the National Geographic magazine which became, and continues to be, a large geographic information popularizer. Communities have long supported geographic and educational research on geographic topics.
The Association of American Geographers was founded in 1904 and renamed the American Association of Geographers in 2016 to better reflect the increasingly international character of its membership.
One of the first examples of geographical methods used for purposes other than to describe and theorize the physical properties of the earth is John John's map of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. Although a doctor and pioneer of epidemiology, this map may be one of the earliest examples of health geography.
Now a fairly clear distinction between the physical and human geography subphysics has developed in the future. The relationship between physical and human geography is most evident in the theory of environmental determinism, made popular in the 19th century by Carl Ritter and others, and has a close relationship with the field of evolutionary biology at the time. Environmental determinism is the theory that one's physical, mental and moral habits are directly caused by the influence of its natural environment. However, in the mid-19th century, environmental determinism was attacked because of the lack of methodological thoroughness associated with modern science, and then as a means to justify racism and imperialism.
The same concern with human and physical aspects is seen in the 19th and early 20th centuries focusing on regional geography. The purpose of regional geography, through something known as regionalization, is to describe space into territories and then understand and describe the unique characteristics of each region through the human and physical aspects. With links to (geography) and cultural ecology, some of the same ideas about environmental causal effects on society and culture remain with environmental determinism.
In the 1960s, however, the quantitative revolution caused strong criticism of regional geography. Due to the lack of scientific thoroughness in the overly descriptive nature of the discipline, and the continuous geography of two sub-fields of physical and human geography and from geology, geographers in the mid-20th century began to apply statistical and mathematical models to solve spatial problems. Much of the development during the quantitative revolution is now apparent in the use of geographic information systems; the use of statistics, spatial modeling, and positivist approaches are still important for many branches of human geography. Renowned geographers from this period are Fred K. Schaefer, Waldo Tobler, William Garrison, Peter Haggett, Richard J. Chorley, William Bunge, and Torsten HÃÆ'¤gerstrand.
From the 1970s, a number of criticisms of positivism that are now associated with geography emerged. Known as the term 'critical geography', these criticisms suggest a turning point in the discipline. Behavioral geography emerged for some time as a means to understand how people make space and place felt, and make local decisions. More influential 'radical geography' emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. It relies heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet. Radical geographers try to say meaningful things about issues that are acknowledged through quantitative methods, provide explanations rather than descriptions, propose alternatives and solutions, and engage politically, rather than using positivist-related detachments. (The release and objectivity of the quantitative revolution itself is criticized by radical geographers as a tool of capital). Radical geography and its relation to Marxism and related theories remain an important part of contemporary human geography (See: Antipode ). Critical geography also sees the introduction of 'humanistic geography', which is related to the work of Yi-Fu Tuan, which encourages a qualitative approach in methodology.
Changes under critical geography have led to contemporary approaches in disciplines such as feminist geography, new cultural geography, "demonic" geography, and engagement with postmodern and post-structural theories and philosophies.
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Fields
The main areas of study in human geography focus around the core areas:
Culture
Cultural geography is the study of products and cultural norms - their variation in space and place, as well as their relationships. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways in which languages, religions, economies, governments, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and explain how humans function spatially.
- Subfields include: Social Geography, Animal Geography, Language Geography, Sexuality and Space, Child Geography, and Religion and Geography.
Development
The development of geography is the study of Earth geography with reference to the standard of living and the quality of life of human populations, the study of locations, the distribution and the organization of spatial economic activities, throughout the Earth. The subjects investigated were strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach.
Economy
Economic geography examines the relationship between human economic systems, states, and other factors, and the biophysical environment.
- Subfields include: Marketing geography and Transport geography
Health
Health geography is the application of geographic information, perspectives, and methods to study health, disease, and health care. Health geography deals with the relationships and patterns of space between humans and the environment. It is a sub-discipline of human geography, examining how and why diseases spread.
Historical
Historical geography is the study of human, physical, fiction, theoretical, and "real" geography in the past. Historical geography studies various issues and topics. A common theme is the study of past geography and how a place or territory changes over time. Many historical geographers study geographic patterns through time, including how people interact with their environment, and create a cultural landscape.
Politics
Political geography deals with the study of the uneven spatial outcome of political processes and the ways in which political processes are influenced by spatial structures.
- Subfields include: Geography selection, Geopolitics, Strategic geography, and Military geography
Population
The geographic population is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and population growth are related to their environment or location.
Settlement
Geographic settlements, including urban geography, are studies of urban and rural areas with particular relevance to the spatial, relational and theoretical aspects of settlement. It is the study of areas that have concentrations of buildings and infrastructure. This is the area where most economic activity is in the secondary and tertiary sectors. In the case of urban settlements, they may have high population densities.
Urban
Urban geography is the study of cities, towns, and other areas of relatively densely populated settlements. The two main interests are the site (how the settlement is positioned relative to the physical environment) and the situation (how the settlement is positioned relative to other settlements). Another area of ​​interest is the internal organization of urban areas that deals with different demographic groups and infrastructure layout. This subdiscipline also took the idea of ​​another branch of Human Geography to see their involvement in the processes and patterns seen in urban areas.
- Subfields include: Economic geography, Population geography, and Settlement geography. This is definitely not the only subfield that can be used to assist in Urban geography studies, but they are some of the major players.
Philosophical and theoretical approach
In each subfield, various philosophical approaches can be used in research; therefore, an urban geographer may become a Feminist or Marxist geographer, etc.
Like all social sciences, human geographers publish research and other papers in various academic journals. While human geography is interdisciplinary, there are a number of journals that focus on human geography.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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