The literary history is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry seeking to entertain, enlighten, or instruct the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings are lectors. Some record material, such as data compilations (eg, checklists) are not considered literature, and this article is only concerned with the evolution of the work described above.
Video History of literature
Awal literatur
Literature and writing, though connected, are not identical. The first writings of ancient Sumeria with a reasonable definition are not literary - the same applies to some early Egyptian hieroglyphs or thousands of logs from the ancient Chinese regime. Scholars often disagree about when the keeping of written records becomes more like "literature" than others; the definition is largely subjective.
Moreover, given the importance of distance as a cultural isolator in previous centuries, the development of literary history does not occur at a uniform speed throughout the world. The problem of creating a global history of uniform literature is exacerbated by the fact that many texts have been lost for thousands of years, either intentionally, unintentionally, or by the total disappearance of the originating culture. Much has been written, for example, of the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 1st century BC, and innumerable innumerable texts that are believed to have been lost forever into the flames. The deliberate emphasis on the texts (and often the authors) by both spiritual and temporal organizations furtives the subject further.
However, certain primary texts can be isolated that have a qualifying role as the first literary complaint. Very early examples include Epic of Gilgamesh , in the Sumerian version that preceded 2000 BC, and Egyptian Book of the Dead written in Papyrus of Ani > circa 1250 BC but probably dating from around the 18th century BC. Ancient Egyptian Literature is not included in the early studies of literary history because the writings of Ancient Egypt were not translated into European languages ​​until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.
Many texts are inherited by oral tradition for several centuries before they are corrected in written form that is difficult or impossible to date. The essence of Rgveda may apply until the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century, although modern scholarship estimates the oldest part to date in the early 10th century BC.
Homer Iliad and Odyssey dates to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Ancient Classics. They also stand in oral traditions that stretch back to the final Bronze Age.
Indian manuscripts of Rigveda's post-dating rut (such as Yajurveda, Atharvaveda and Brahmana), as well as the Hebrew Tanakh and the mystical collection of poems associated with Lao Tze, Tao te Ching, date into the Iron Age, but their dates are difficult and controversial. Great Hindu epics are also transmitted orally, possibly preceding the Maurya period.
Maps History of literature
Antiquity
China
The Classic of Poetry (or Shijing) is the oldest collection of Chinese poetry, composed of 305 works by anonymous writers dating from the 11th to 7th century BC. An anthology of Chu Ci (or Chu Songs) is a volume of poetry that is linked or thought to be inspired by the writing of the Qu Yuan verse. Qu Yuan is the first Chinese poet whose name is associated with his work and is also regarded as one of the most prominent figures of Romanticism in Chinese classical literature.
The first major writer on military tactics and strategy was Sun Tzu, whose
Among China's earliest narrative narrative works, Zuo Zhuan is the jewel of classical Chinese prose. This work and Shiji or the Records of the Great Historian, are regarded as the latest model by many generations of prose stylist in ancient China.
Hebrew Literature
The books that compose the Hebrew Bible develop for about a millennium. The oldest texts seem to date from the 11th or 10th century BC, while most of the other texts are somewhat later. They are edited works, which are a collection of intricate sources and knitted together with care.
The Old Testament was composed and edited by various men for several centuries, with many scholars concluded that the Hebrew canon had been solidified around the 3rd century BC. Works have been subject to various literary evaluations (both secular and religious). Friedrich Nietzsche writes: "In the Old Testament of Judaism, there were people, things and speeches in such a glorious style that Greek and Indian literature had nothing in common with it, one standing with awe and admiration in the face what a remarkable remnant of what had once happened.... The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of 'majesty' and 'stunt'. "
Classic ancient
Greek Literature
Ancient Greeks placed emphasis on literature. Many authors regard the tradition of western literature as having begun with the epic poems of The Iliad and The Odyssey, which remain giants in the literary canon for a skillful and clear portrayal of warfare. peace, honor and shame, love and hatred. Notable among the next Greek poets is Sappho, who defines, in many ways, lyrical poetry as a genre.
A playwright named Aeschylus transforms Western literature forever when he introduces dialogue ideas and interacts with characters to write scripts. In doing so, he essentially creates "drama": his drama trilogy Oresteia is seen as its peak achievement. Other distillers of the drama script are Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles is credited with an irony that evolves skillfully as a literary technique, most notably in its game Oedipus Rex . Euripedes, on the other hand, uses the game to challenge the norms and customs of society - a feature of much of Western literature for the next 2,300 years and so forth - and his works such as Medea , The Bacchae > and The Trojan Women are still famous for their ability to challenge our perceptions of propriety, gender, and war. Aristophanes, a comic book writer, defines and shapes almost comedic ideas like Aeschylus has formed the tragedy as the most famous art form - Aristophanes' drama including Lysistrata and The Frogs >.
Philosophy enters the literature in Plato's dialogue, which changes giving and accepting Socrates questions into written form. Aristotle, a student of Plato, wrote dozens of works in many disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was probably his Poetics, which expressed his understanding of drama, thus defining the first criterion for literary criticism.
The New Testament is an unusual collection of texts - John the Book of Revelation, though not the first of its kind, basically defines the doomsday as a literary genre.
Latin Literature
In many ways, the authors of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire chose to avoid innovation to imitate the great Greek writers. Virgil Aeneid , in many ways, mimics Homer Iliad ; Plautus, a comic book writer, follows in the footsteps of Aristophanes; Tacitus' Annals and Germania basically follow the same historical approach that Thucydides (the Christian historian Eusebius did, though much more influenced by his religion than Tacitus or Thucydides had been by Greek polytheism and Roman); Ovid and its Metamorphoses explore the same Greek myth again in new ways. Arguably, and it has been, that Roman writers, away from impersonal imitators, are increasing in the genre set by their Greek predecessors. For example, Ovid's Metamorphoses creates a form that is a clear predecessor of the genre stream of consciousness. What is undeniably is that the Romans, compared to the Greeks, innovated relatively little of their own literary style.
Satir is one of the few ancient Roman additions to literature - Horace was the first to use satire extensively as a means to argue, and Juvenal made it a weapon.
Augustine of Hippo and his Lord's City did for religious literature basically what Plato did for philosophy, but Augustine's approach is much less conversational and less active. Confessions is probably the first true autobiography, and it raises the confessional genre of literature that is now more popular than ever.
India
The tradition of knowledge in India passes the philosophical collection and theological concept through the two traditions of Shruti and Smriti, which means what is learned and what is experienced - this includes Vedas. It is generally believed that Purana is the earliest philosophical writings in Indian history, although linguistic works in Sanskrit existed earlier than 1000 BC. Puranic works such as the Indian epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata , have influenced many other works, including Kecak Bali and other performances such as wayang kulit, and many European works. The Pali literature has an important position in Buddhist revival. Classical Sanskrit literary flowers in the Maurya and Gupta periods, roughly cover the 2nd century BC to the 8th century.
Medieval
Europe
After the fall of Rome (approx 476), many of the approaches and literary styles found by Greeks and Romans were disliked in Europe. In the millennium or so that intervened between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance of Florentine, medieval literature concentrated mostly on faith and matters of faith, in part because the works written by the Greeks had not been preserved in Europe, and therefore there are some classic literary models to learn from and move out. Very little is changed and distorted, with new forms beginning to evolve from distortion. Some of the beginnings of this distorted new style can be seen in literature generally described as Matter of Rome, Matter of France and Matter of Britain.
Following the fall of Rome, the spread of Islam throughout Asia and Africa brought the desire to preserve and build the work of the Greeks, especially in literature. Although much has been lost due to the breakdown of time (and calamity, as in the burning of the Library of Alexandria), many Greek works remain: they are carefully preserved and copied by Muslim scribes.
In Europe, Hagiography, or "the life of saints", often emerged among the early medieval texts. The writings of Bede - Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum - and others continue a tradition-based history tradition started by Eusebius in the early 4th century. Scriptwriting essentially stops, except for a mysterious drama of mystery and passionate game to convey Christian beliefs to ordinary people. Around 400 AD, Prudenti Psychomachia began the tradition of allegorical stories. Poetry thrives, however, in the hands of the singers, whose romance and chanson de geste are amused and entertaining the upper class who is their patron. Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the works he claimed to be British history. This is fantastic and includes the story of Merlin the Witch and King Arthur. Epic poems continue to grow with the addition of Northern European mythology: Beowulf and the Norse saga have much in common with Homer and Virgil's approach to war and honor, while poems like Dante Divine and Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales takes the direction of a much different style.
In November 1095 - Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade on the Clermont Council. The crusade will affect everything in Europe and the Middle East for many years to come and literature will, along with others, be transformed by a war between these two cultures. For example the picture of a knight would have a different meaning. Also the Islamic emphasis on scientific investigation and preservation of Greek philosophical writings will ultimately affect European literature.
Between Augustine and The Bible , the author of religion has many aspects of Christianity that require further explanation and interpretation. Thomas Aquinas, more than any other single person, was capable of turning theology into a kind of science, in part because he was strongly influenced by Aristotle, whose work returned to Europe in the 13th century.
Islamic World
The most famous fiction of the Islamic world is the Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ), which is a compilation of many previous folklore narrated by Persian Queen Scheherazade. The epic was formed in the 10th century and reached its final form in the 14th century; the number and type of fairy tales vary from one manuscript to another. All the tales of Arabic fantasy are often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in the Book of One Thousand and One Nights in any version, and some fairy tales are known in Europe as " Arabian Nights "although not in Arabic manuscripts.
This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many copies were written, especially in France. The various characters of this epic have become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. However, no medieval Arab sources were traced to Aladdin, which was inserted into the Book of One Thousand and One Nights by French translator Antoine Galland, who heard it from a Syrian Arab storyteller from Aleppo. The popularity of the work may be in part due to the more popular knowledge of history and geography since it was written. This means that the plausibility of the great miracles must be fixed at a greater time ("ancient") and place ("distant"). This is an ongoing process, and ultimately culminates in a fantasy fiction that has little connection, if any, with real time and place. A number of elements of Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasies, such as jinn, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc. When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern tale that discarded stereotypical elements he felt jinn, dwarfs and fairies were stereotypes to be avoided.
Numerous stories in Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ) also feature a science fiction element. One such example is the "Bulukiya Adventure", where Bulukiya's protagonist effort for the eternal potion leads him to explore the oceans, travel to the Garden of Eden and to Jahannam, and travel across the cosmos to worlds much larger than his own. world, anticipating the fictional elements of galaxy science; along the way, he meets the society of jinn, mermaids, talking serpents, talking trees, and other life forms. In another story of the Arabian Nights, the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gained the ability to breathe underwater and find the underwater community described as an inverted reflection of the land community, that the underwater community follows a primitive form of communism in which concepts of " concepts such as money and clothing do not exist. Other Arabian Nights stories relating to lost ancient technology, lost ancient civilizations, and the disaster that struck them. "The City of Brass" features a group of tourists on an archaeological expedition across the Sahara to discover the lost ancient city and attempt to restore the copper ship Solomon used to trap the jinn, and, along the way, met the queued queen. , petrified populations, humanoid robots and lively human automata, marionette teasing dancing without rope, and a brass rider robot leading the party toward the ancient city. "Ebony Horse" features a robot in the form of a flying mechanical horse controlled using a key that can fly into space and toward the Sun, while "Qalandar Third Tale" also features a robot in the form of an incredible boatman. "Kuningan City" and "Ebony Horse" can be regarded as early examples of proto-science fiction.
Dante Alighieri Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, obtained many features and episodes of the afterlife directly or indirectly from Arab works on Islamic eschatology: Hadith and < i> Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi , "Book of the Prophet Muhammad") about Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and writings spiritual from Ibn Arabi. The Moors also have a real influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works feature Moorish characters, such as the Peele Alcazar Battles and Shakespeare Venetian Traders , Titus Andronicus and Othello , which featuring Moorish Othello as the title character. These works are said to have been inspired by some Moroccan delegations from Morocco to English Elizabeth at the beginning of the 17th century.
Arabic literature
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic fiction novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) in response to al-Ghazali The Incoherence of the Philosophers , and Later Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus in response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus . Both of these narratives have protagonists (Hayy at Philosophus Autodidactus
Theologus Autodidactus deals with various elements of science fiction such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and the end, the resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than providing supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain this plot element using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. The main purpose behind this science-fiction work is to explain the teachings of Islam in terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.
A Latin translation by Ibn Tufail, Philosophus Autodidactus , first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. This translation then inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, the candidate for the title of "first novel in English". Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist . This story also anticipates Rousseau Emile: or, On Education in some respects, and similarly to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book and the Tarzan story, in an abandoned baby but was nurtured and fed by the mother wolf.
Among other innovations in Arabic literature is Ibn Khaldun's perspective on recording past events - by completely rejecting supernatural explanations, Khaldun basically finds a scientific or sociological approach to history.
Persian literature
Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the Iranian epic, is the story of the myth and Persian heroic history. This is the longest epic poem ever written.
From Persian culture the book which will eventually become the most famous in the west is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam . Rubá¡iyÃÆ'¡t is a collection of poems by Persian mathematicians and astronomers, Omar KhayyÃÆ'¡m (1048-1122). "Rubaiyat" means "strongrain": paragraph of four lines.
Amir Arsalan is also a popular myth of Persian myth, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan .
Examples of early Persian proto-scientific fictions include Al-Farabi The opinion of the beautiful townspeople about the utopian society, the Al-Qazwini futuristic account of Awaj bin Anfaq about people traveling to Earth from a distant planet, and elements like a flying carpet.
Ottoman literature
The two main streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. From both, divan poetry is the dominant flow. In addition, it should be noted that, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain fictional examples; that is, there are no peers for, for example, European romance, short stories, or novels (although analog genres are, to some extent, exist in both Turkish folk traditions and in divan poetry). Until the nineteenth century, Ottoman prose never succeeded in developing to the extent practiced by modern divan poetry. Most of the reasons for this are that many prose are expected to obey the sec sec ( seci ), or rhythmic prose, the type of writing is derived from the Arabic saj ' and which determines that between each adjective and noun in one sentence, there must be a rhyme.
Jewish Liter
Medieval Jewish fiction often attracts ancient Jewish legends, and is written in various languages ​​including Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic. The Jewish Liturgical Liturgy in Hebrew grew in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir. Then the Jewish poets of Spain, Provencal, and Italy wrote religious and secular poems in Hebrew; especially prominent poets were the Jewish Spanish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Judah Halevi. In addition to poetry and fiction, medieval Jewish literature also includes philosophical literature, mystical literature (Kabbalistic), ethical literature (musar), legal literature (halakhic), and commentary on the Bible.
India
The early medieval (Gupta period) literature in India saw the blossoming of Sanskrit drama, classical Sanskrit poetry and compilations of Purana. Sanskrit declined in the early 2nd millennium, late works such as Kathasaritsagara from the 11th century, for the purposes of literature composed in vernacular Middle Indi like Old Bengali, Old Hindi.
China
The lyrics of poetry grew much more in China than in Europe before the year 1000, as some new forms developed in the Han, Tang and Song dynasties: perhaps the greatest poets of this era in Chinese literature were Li Bai and Du Fu.
Printing began in China's Tang Dynasty. A copy of the Diamond diamond, a key Buddhist text, found sealed in a cave in China in the early 20th century, is the oldest known printed book, with a print date of 868. The method used is block printing.
Scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD) is the author of Dream Pool Essays (1088), a book of scientific literature that includes the oldest description of the magnetic compass. During the Song Dynasty, there was also an enormous historical work of Zizhi Tongjian , compiled into 294 volumes of 3 million Chinese characters written in 1084 AD.
A true vernacular novel was developed in China during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). Some authors feel that China originated a novel with Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong (in the 14th century), though others felt that the epic was different from the novel in key ways. Fictional novels published during the Ming period include Water Margin and Journey to the West, which represent two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature.
Japanese
The classical Japanese literature generally refers to the literature produced during the Heian Period, which some consider to be the golden age of art and literature. The Tale of Genji (early 11th century) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the famous Heian fiction masterpiece and the earliest example of a fictional work in novel form. Sometimes called the first novel in the world, the first modern novel, the first romance novel, or the first novel that is still considered classical.
Other important works of this period include Kokin Wakash? (905), Waka poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (990s), most recently written by contemporary Murasaki Shikibu and rival, Sei ShÃ… nagon, as an essay on life, love and entertainment the nobles at the court of the Emperor. The poem iroha , now one of the two standard arrangements for the Japanese syllable, was also written during the early part of this period.
The 10th century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, can be regarded as an early example of proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-hime, is a daughter of the Moon who was sent to Earth for salvation during the celestial war, and was discovered and raised by bamboo cutters in Japan. He was then taken back to the Moon by his real family outside the earth. The illustration of the manuscript describes a disk-like flying object similar to a flying saucer.
Today the imperial court is on the side of the poets, most of whom are court servants or ladies. Editing poetry anthology is a national pastime. Reflecting the aristocratic atmosphere, the poem is elegant and sophisticated and expresses emotion in a rhetorical style.
Renaissance
Nothing happened to change the literature in the 15th century but the Renaissance, a break with the medieval approach is quite obvious. The 15th century, however, also brought Johann Gutenberg and his invention of the printing press, an innovation (at least for Europe) that would change literature forever. Text is no longer valuable and expensive to produce - they can be cheaply and quickly put into the market. Literacy ranges from the valuable possession of a select few to a wider (though not universal) population. Consequently, much of the literature in Europe was changed radically in the two centuries after the launch of Gutenberg on a printing press in 1455.
William Caxton is the first English printer and publishes English texts including Le Morte d'Arthur (a collection of oral tales of Arthurian Knights who are the pioneers of the novel) and Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Stories . This is an indication of the future direction in the literature. With the advent of printing, a process begins in which the threads of the people and legends are collected in a story frame and then published in bulk.
In the Renaissance, focusing on learning for the sake of learning led to an overflow of letters. Petrarch popularized sonnet as a poetic form; Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron made romanticism in prose and poetry; FranÃÆ'§ois Rabelais rejuvenated satire with Gargantua and Pantagruel ; Michel de Montaigne alone finds the essay and uses it to categorize his life and ideas. Perhaps the most controversial and important work of the time period is a treatise published in Nuremberg, entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium: in it, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus moves the Earth from its special position in the universe, which has far-reaching effects , not only in science, but in literature and its approach to humanity, hierarchy, and truth.
Early modern period
The new spirit of science and investigation in Europe is part of a general upheaval in human understanding that began with the European invasion of the New World in 1492 and continues into the next centuries, even today.
The form of writing that is now common throughout the world - the novel - dates from the early modern period and became more popular in the next century. Before modern novels became established as the first form there must be a transitional stage when "novelty" begins to emerge in the style of epic poetry.
Charity for entertainment (as opposed to enlightenment) returns to the European stage early in the modern period. William Shakespeare is the most famous of the early modern playwrights, but many others make important contributions, including MoliÃÆ'¨re, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Pedro CalderÃÆ'³n de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the players of Commedia dell'arte were improvising on the streets of Italy and France. Some Commedia dell'arte plays are written. Both written and improvisational drama have an effect on the time literature, especially on the work of MoliÃÆ'¨re. Shakespeare is interested in the art of comedians and walks the player in creating new style comedies. All parts, even the women, are played by men ( en travesti ) but that will change, first in France and later in England too, at the end of the 17th century.
Edmund Spenser's Edward Spenser's Epistle of Edmund Spenser's Epic Edmund Spencer was published, in the first part, in 1590 and later in its complete form in 1597. Queen Fairie marks a period of deep transition "novelty" begins to enter into the narrative in the sense of overturning and playing with the flow of events. The known theatrical forms in the Spenser time such as the Masque and the Mummers' Play were incorporated into poetry in ways that turned the tradition and turned it into political propaganda in the service of Queen Elizabeth I.
The earliest work is considered an opera in the sense that the work is usually understood to be from around 1597. This is Dafne , (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for the circle of educated elite humanist Florentine collective "Camerata".
The 17th century is considered the greatest era of Spanish and French literature where it is called Siglo de Oro and Grand SiÃÆ'¨cle respectively. The most famous writers alongside the playwrights include Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault known primarily for their fairy tales.
Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote has been called the "first novel" by many literary scholars (or the first of modern European novels). It was published in two parts. The first part was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. It may be seen as a parody of Le Morte d'Arthur (and other examples of knight romance), in which case the novel form would be a direct result of mock- burlesque collection of heroic folk legends. This is entirely in keeping with the spirit of the epoch of enlightenment that began from that moment and is happy to provide a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. It should be noted that this trend toward the previous posts which satirising is only possible by the printing press. Without the invention of copies of mass-produced books, it is impossible to assume the reader has seen the previous work and thus will understand the references within the text.
The new style in English poetry during the 17th century was a metaphysical movement. The metaphysical poets are John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell and others. The metaphysical poem is characterized by a spirit of intellectual inquiry into the spiritual, rather than the mystical admiration of many previous English poems. The metaphysical poets clearly try to understand the world around them and the spirits behind them, rather than accepting dogmas on the basis of faith.
In the middle of the century, the king of England was overthrown and a republic was declared. In the new regime (which lasted from 1649-1653) art suffered. In Britain and other parts of the government of the United Kingdom Oliver Cromwell forbade while all theaters, festivals, comedians, playing mummers and frivolities. The ban was lifted when the monarchy was restored with Charles II. Drury Lane Theater is a favorite of King Charles.
Unlike the metaphysical poet is John Milton Paradise Lost, an epic poem in an empty verse. Milton has been a propagandist for Oliver Cromwell and suffered when the Restoration came. Paradise Lost is one of the highest developments of the epic form in poetry shortly before the era of modern prose novels.
A allegorical novel, The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which to Come published by John Bunyan in 1678.
Other early novelists include Daniel Defoe (born 1660) and Jonathan Swift (born 1667).
Modern period
18th century
This is the Age of Enlightenment and the most important authors are Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and Adam Smith. The second half of this century saw the beginning of Romanticism with Goethe.
19th century
In the United Kingdom, the nineteenth century was dominated by the Victorian era, characterized by Romanticism, with romantic poets like William Wordsworth, Lord Byron or Samuel Taylor Coleridge and genres like gothic novels.
In Germany, the period of Sturm und Drang at the end of the 18th century converges into the Classical and Romantic period, symbolized by the long era of Goethe activity, which covers the first third of the century. The conservative style of Biedermeier contradicts the radical VormÃÆ'¤rz in a turbulent period that separates the end of Napoleonic wars from the 1848 Revolution.
In Denmark, the early Golden Age of the 19th century produced productive literary writers such as SÃÆ'¸ren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen.
In the later nineteenth century, Romanticism was opposed by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as Belle ÃÆ'â € poque , with Fin de siÃÆ'¨cle retrospectively appearing as the "golden age" of European culture, was cut short by the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
20th century
The main period of 20th century literature was captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and postmodern literature, which bloomed from about 1900-1940 and 1945 to 1980 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II.
Popular literature develops their own genres such as fantasy and science fiction. Dismissed by mainstream literary critics, the genre developed their own critical standpoints and awards, such as the Nebula Award (since 1965), the British Fantasy Award (since 1971) or Mythopoeic Awards (since 1971).
Book history
In relation to other forms of literary history, the history of this book is a field of interdisciplinary investigation that describes bibliographic methods, cultural history, literary criticism, and media theory. Basically related to the production, circulation, and acceptance of the text and material forms, the history of the book seeks to relate the textuality to the material aspects.
Among the issues in the history of literature with the history of books that can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading readers, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economy of literary forms.
See also
References
External links
- The Literary Encyclopedia
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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