Basic mathematics consists of mathematical topics that are often taught at the primary or secondary level.
There are five basic threads in Basic Mathematics: Number Sense and Numeration, Measurement, Geometry & amp; Spatial Sense, Pattern & amp; Algebra, and Data Management & amp; Possibility. These five strands are the focus of Mathematics education from grade one to grade 8.
In high school, the main topics in basic mathematics from grade nine to grade ten are: Sense and algebraic numbers, Linear Relations, Measurements and Geometry. After the students enter the eleven and twelve classes students start the university and college prep classes, which include: Functions, Calculus & amp; Vector, Advanced Functions, and Data Management.
Video Elementary mathematics
Strands of Elementary Mathematics
Number Sense & amp; Numerasi
Number Sense is an understanding of numbers and operations. In terms of numbers and counting students develop an understanding of numbers by being taught various ways to represent numbers, as well as relationships between numbers.
The properties of natural numbers such as the division and distribution of prime numbers, studied in the theory of basic numbers, other parts of basic mathematics.
Basic Focus
- Fractions and Decimals
- Place Value
- Additions and subtractions
- Multiplication and Distribution
- Counting Money
- Counting
- Represents and orders the numbers
- Estimates
- Troubleshooting
To have a strong foundation in mathematics and to be successful in other groups, students need to have a fundamental understanding of numbers and numbers.
Measurement
Skills and measurement concepts are directly related to the world in which students live. Many of the concepts that students teach in this thread are also used in other subjects such as science, social studies, and physical education. In measurement, students learn about measurable object attributes, in addition to basic metric systems.
Basic Focus
- Standard and non-standard measurement units
- tells us about 12 hours and 24 hours
- compare objects using measurable attributes
- measure height, length, width
- centimeters and meters
- mass and capacity
- temperature change
- day, month, week, year
- distance using kilometers
- measure kilograms and liters
- specify the area and circumference
- specifies grams and milliliters
- specifies the measurement using a triangular prism form
The measurement strand consists of several measurement forms as Marian Small states "Measurement is the process of assigning qualitative or quantitative descriptions of size to object based on certain attributes."
Equations and formulas
The formula is an entity built using symbols and rules of formation of a particular logical language. For example, determining ball volume requires a large amount of integral or geometric analogue calculus, the method of fatigue; but, having done this once in some parameters (eg radius), mathematicians have produced formulas to describe volumes: This particular formula is:
- V = 4 / 3 ? r 3
The equation is the formula of the form A Ã, = Ã, B , where A and B is a possible expression contains one or more variables called unknown , and "=" denotes an equivalence binary relation. Although written in the form of propositions, the equations are not true or false statements, but problems consisting of finding the values, called solutions , which, when substituted for the unknown, produce the same values ​​of expression A and B . For example, 2 is the unique solution of the equation x Ã, Ã, 2Ã, = Ã, 4, where unknown is x .
Representation and data analysis
Data is a set of values ​​of a qualitative or quantitative variable; restated, the piece of data is a separate piece of information. Data in computing (or data processing) is represented in a structure that is often tabular (represented by rows and columns), trees (a set of nodes with parent-child relations), or graph (a set of connected nodes). Data is usually the result of measurement and can be visualized using graphics or images.
Data as an abstract concept can be seen as the lowest level of abstraction, from which information and then knowledge is derived.
Basic two-dimensional geometry
Two-dimensional geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the question of form, size, and relative position of two dimensions. Basic topics in elementary mathematics include polygons, circles, perimeters and areas.
A polygon bounded by a finite chain of segments of a straight line enclosed in circles to form a closed chain or circuit . These segments are called side edges or , and the points where two sides meet are the polygons nodes (single: dots) or angles . The inside of the polygon is sometimes called body . A n -gon is a polygon with the side n . Polygon is a 2-dimensional example of a polytope that is more common in a number of dimensions.
The circle is a simple form of two-dimensional geometry that is the set of all points in a plane that is at a certain distance from a particular point, the center. The distance between the points and the center is called the radius. It can also be defined as a locus of points spaced equally from a fixed point.
A perimeter is the path that surrounds the two-dimensional shape. This term can be used either for the path or its length - can be considered as the length of the outline. A circle circle or ellipse is called around.
Broad is the quantity that states the extent to which a two dimensional form or form. There are several well known formulas for simple shape fields such as triangles, rectangles, and circles.
Proportion
Two quantities are proportional if the changes in one are always accompanied by another change, and if the change is always associated with constant multiplier usage. This constant is called the proportionality coefficient or constant proportionation .
- If one quantity is always a product of another and constant, both are said to be proportional to . x and y are straightforward if the are the constants.
- If the product of two quantities is always constant, they are said to be inversely . x and y are inverted if the are the constants.
Analytic geometry
Analytical geometry is the study of geometry using coordinate system. This contrasts with synthetic geometry.
Usually Cartesian coordinate systems are applied to manipulate the equations for fields, straight lines, and boxes, often in two and sometimes in three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean (2 dimensional) and Euclidean (3 dimensional) spheres. As taught in schoolbooks, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it deals with defining and representing geometric shapes by numerical means and extracting numerical information from form numerical definitions and representations.
Transformation is a way of transferring and scaling functions using different algebraic formulas.
Negative number
The negative number is a real number that is less than zero. These numbers are often used to represent the amount of loss or absence. For example, debt owed may be considered a negative asset, or a decrease in a certain amount can be regarded as a negative increase. Negative numbers are used to describe values ​​on a scale that is below zero, such as the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales for temperature.
Exponents and radicals
Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as b n b and exponents (or power ) n . When n is the original number (ie positive integers), exponentials relate to repeated replications from the base: i b n n basis:
Akar adalah kebalikan dari eksponen. Akar n dari angka x (ditulis ) adalah angka r yang ketika dinaikkan ke n menghasilkan x >. Itu adalah,
where n is the title of the root. The root of 2 is called square root and root of degree 3, cube root . The higher the root of the root is by using the serial number, such as the root of the , the root of twenty , etc.
For example:
- 2 is the square root of 4, because 2 2 = 4.
- -2 is also the square root of 4, because (-2) 2 = 4.
Compass-and-parallel
Compass-and-straightedge, also known as ruler-and-compass construction, is a long construction, angle, and other geometric figures using only the ideal ruler and compass.
The idealized ruler, known as straightedge, is assumed to be of infinite length, and has no mark on it and only one side. The compass is assumed to collapse when lifted from the page, so it may not be directly used to transfer the distance. (This is an unimportant restriction because, using a multi-step procedure, the distance can be transferred even with a collapsed compass, see the equivalent compass theorem.) More formal, the only permissible construction is provided by the first three Euclid postulates.
Similarities and similarities
Two images or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size, or if one has the same shape and size as another mirror image. More formally, two sets of points are called congruent if, and only if, one can be changed to another by isometry, ie a combination of stiff motion, ie translation, rotation, and reflection. This means that objects can both be repositioned and reflected (but not resized) to coincide with other objects. So two different plane figures on a piece of paper are congruent if we can cut it and then match it altogether. Reversing paper is allowed.
Two geometric objects are called equally if they have the same shape, or one has the same shape as the other mirror image. More precisely, one can be obtained from another with a uniform scale (enlarging or shrinking), perhaps with additional translation, rotation and reflection. This means that both objects can be reset, re-positioned, and reflected, thus coinciding with other objects. If two objects are similar, each is congruent with uniform scale results from the other.
Three-dimensional geometry
Solid geometry is the traditional name for three-dimensional Euclidean space geometry. Stereometry deals with various volume measurements of solid numbers (three-dimensional numbers) including pyramids, cylinders, cones, truncated cones, balls, and prisms.
Rational number
The rational number is any number that can be expressed as a result of or breaks of two integers, with the denominator q not equal to zero. Since q may be equal to 1, each integer is a rational number. The set of all rational numbers is usually denoted by bold Q (or the thick board ).
Patterns, relationships, and functions
Patterns are regularities that are visible in the world or in man-made designs. Thus, the elements of the pattern repeat in a predictable way. The geometric pattern is a type of pattern that is shaped from a geometric shape and usually repeats like a wallpaper.
A relation on a set of A is a collection of ordered element pairs from A . In other words, this is part of the Cartesian product A 2 = A ÃÆ'â € " A . General relationships are divided between two numbers and inequality.
A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of outputs that are allowed with a property that each input corresponds to exactly one output. An example is a function that links each real number x to its squared x 2 . The output of the f function corresponding to the input x is denoted by f ( x ) (read " of x "). In this example, if the input is -3, then the output is 9, and we can write f (- 3) = 9. The input variable (s) is sometimes referred to as the argument (s) that is.
Slopes and trigonometry
The slope of the line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line. The slopes are often denoted by the letter m .
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving the length and angle of a triangle. Medan emerged during the 3rd century BC from geometric applications to astronomical studies.
Maps Elementary mathematics
United States
In the United States, there is considerable concern about the low level of basic math skills on the part of many students, compared to students in other developed countries. The No Child Left Behind program is one attempt to overcome this deficiency, requiring all American students to be tested in basic mathematics.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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