Clothing (also known as clothing and clothing ) is a collective term for clothing , items worn on the body. Clothes can be made of textiles, animal skins, or other thin sheet material that is united. The use of clothing is largely confined to humans and is a feature of all human societies. The number and type of clothing worn depends on body type, social, and geographical considerations. Some clothes can be gender specific.
Physically, clothing serves many purposes: clothing can serve as protection from elements and can improve safety during dangerous activities such as climbing and cooking. Protects the wearer from rough surfaces, plants that cause rash, insect bites, debris, thorns and spines by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothing can protect against cold or hot conditions. Furthermore, they can provide hygienic barriers, keeping infective and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation.
Wearing clothes is also a social norm, and losing clothes in front of others may be embarrassing, or not wearing clothes in public such that the genitals, breasts or buttocks seen can be seen as indecent exposure.
Video Clothing
Origin of clothing
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been concluded by studying lice that predicted the introduction of clothing at about 42,000-72,000 years ago.
Maps Clothing
Function
The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the wearer's comfort, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates the nature of thermal insulation is generally more important. Shelter usually reduces functional requirements for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are usually released when entering a warm house, especially if one lives or sleeps there. Similarly, clothing has a seasonal and regional aspect, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are commonly used in season and warmer areas than colder ones.
Clothing performs various social and cultural functions, such as individuals, employment and gender differentiation, and social status. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of decency, religion, gender, and social status. Clothing can also serve as a form of jewelry and expression of taste or personal style.
Clothing can and has been in history made of a wide variety of materials. The ingredients range from leather and animal fur to looms, to complex and exotic natural and synthetic materials. Not all body covers are considered clothing. Articles taken instead of used (such as wallets), worn on one part of the body and easily removed (scarf), worn solely for jewelry, or functioning other than protection (glasses), are usually considered accessories rather than clothing, except shoes.
Clothing protects from many things that can hurt the human body that is not found. Clothing protects people from elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothes that are too thin, thin, small, tight, etc., offer less protection. Clothing also reduces risk during activities such as work or sports. Some clothes protect from certain environmental hazards, such as insects, harmful chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. In contrast, clothing can protect the environment from wearer clothing, just like doctors who use medical scrubs.
Humans have demonstrated extreme discovery in designing clothing solutions for environmental hazards. Examples include: aerial outfits, air-conditioned clothing, armor, wetsuits, bathing suits, beekeeping equipment, motorcycle leather, high visibility clothing, and other protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear - since clothing that is designed to be fashionable often has a protective value and clothing designed to function often considering modes in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They include parts of the body that social norms need to be covered, act as a form of jewelry, and serve other social purposes. Someone who does not have the means to get decent clothes because of poverty or affordability is sometimes said to be messy, ragged, or shabby.
Scholarships
Although dissertations on clothing and functions emerged from the 19th century when the colonial states dealt with new environments, integrated scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (eg shelter, transport) occurred in the first half of the 20th century , with publications such as JC FlÃÆ'¼gel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and the semantics of Newburgh's Physiology of Heat and Apparel Regulations in 1949. In 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and developed significantly, but clothing science in relation to environmental physiology has changed little. While considerable research has taken place and the knowledge base has grown significantly, the main concept remains unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those seeking to develop a thermoregulation model of clothing development.
Cultural aspects
Gender differentiation
In most cultures, sex differentiation of clothing is considered appropriate. The difference is in style, color, and fabric.
In Western societies, skirts, dresses, and high heels are usually seen as women's clothing, while ties are usually seen as men's clothing. The pants were once seen as an exclusive outfit of men, but can now be worn by both genders. Men's clothing is often more practical (that is, they can work well under various situations), but more clothing styles are available for women. Men are usually allowed to bare their breasts in larger public places. It is generally more or less acceptable for a woman to wear clothes that are considered masculine, while otherwise considered unusual.
In some cultures, luxury laws govern what men and women should wear. Islam requires women to wear simpler clothing, usually hijab. What qualifies as "simple" varies in different Muslim societies. However, women are usually asked to cover more of their bodies than men. Muslim women's clothing articles are worn for various courtesy from hijab to burqa.
Men can sometimes choose to wear men's skirts like togas or kilts, especially on ceremonial occasions. Clothes like that (in earlier times) are often worn as normal everyday wear by men.
Clothing that is designed to be worn by one of the sexes is called a unisex outfit. Unisex outfits, like T-shirts, tend to be cut more straight for more body types. The majority of unisex clothing styles have started as menswear, but some articles, such as fedora, were initially worn by women.
Social status
In some societies, clothing can be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear Tyrian purple outfits. In traditional Hawaiian societies, only tribal chiefs can wear fur and palaoos, or carved whale teeth. In China, before the formation of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of complex luxury laws that govern what people can wear. In societies without such laws, which cover most modern societies, social status is precisely characterized by the purchase of scarce goods or luxury goods that are limited by costs to those who have wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure affects the choice of clothing.
Religion
Religious clothing can be regarded as a special case of work clothes. Sometimes only used during religious ceremonies. However, it can also be used daily as a marker of special religious status.
For example, Jain and Muslim men wear unbound pieces of cloth while performing religious ceremonies. The un-etched fabric signifies loyalty and utmost devotion to the task, without deviation. Sikhs wear turbans because they are part of their religion.
The hygiene of religious clothing in Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Islam and Jainism is very important because it shows purity.
The figure of clothing stands out in the Scriptures in which it appears in various contexts, the most prominent being: the story of Adam and Eve who made a cover for themselves from fig leaves, the robes of Joseph, Judah and Tamar, Mordecai and Esther. Furthermore, the priests who lead in the Temple have very specific clothes, the deficiencies that make a person die.
The Qur'an says about husbands and wives, about clothing: "... They are clothing/cover (Libaas) for you, and you are for them" (Chapter 2: 187).
Jewish rituals also demand the rendition of one's clothing as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob heard about the real death of his son, Joseph.
Origin and history
First recorded usage
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing that may consist of feathers, skin, leaves, or grass wrapped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing can still be inferred, as clothing material deteriorates rapidly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artefacts. Archaeologists have identified the earliest needle needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. The dyed lint that can be used in clothing has been found in prehistoric caves in the Republic of Georgia which date back to 36,000 BP.
Scientists are still debating when people start wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for the Evolution of Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of the body's flea that showed clothes originated more recently, some 170,000 years ago. Body lice are an indicator of clothing worn, as most humans have rare body hair, and fleas thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the discovery of clothing may coincide with migration to the modern north of Homo sapiens far from the warm climate of Africa, which is estimated to have started between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimated that clothing originated about 540,000 years ago. For now, the date of clothing remains unresolved.
Make clothes
Some human cultures, such as various Arctic circles, traditionally make their clothing entirely of leather and leather prepared and decorated. Other cultures complement or replace leather and leather with fabrics: woven, knitted, or spun from various animal and vegetable fibers including wool, linen, cotton, silk, hemp, and hemp.
Although modern consumers can simply take clothing production, making cloth by hand is a tedious and labor-intensive process that involves making fiber, spinning, and weaving. The textile industry was the first to be modernized - with powerful looms - during the Industrial Revolution.
Different cultures have evolved by different ways of creating cloth outfits. One approach involves simply draping a cloth. Many people wear, and still wear, clothes consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped accordingly - for example, dhoti for men and saris for women in the Indian subcontinent, Scottish skirt or Javanese sarong. Clothes may only be tied up, as do the first two outfits; or pins or belts holding clothes in place, as in the case of the last two. Precious fabrics remain uncut, and people of different sizes or people of the same size can wear the clothes.
Other approaches include measuring, cutting, and sewing cloth by hand or by sewing machine. Clothing can be cut from sewing patterns and tailored to tailors according to one's size. A customized sewing mannequin or dress form is used to make a fitting dressing suit. The fabrics are expensive and an effort is made to use every bit of rectangular fabric in building clothes. Tailor can cut a triangular piece from one corner of the fabric, and then add it elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and female chemises take this approach. These remnants can also be reused to make patches of hats, vests, and skirts.
Modern European fashion treats the fabric a lot less conservatively, usually cutting it in such a way that it leaves the rest of the fabric shaped weird. Industrial sewing operations sell this as waste; ditch house can turn it into a blanket.
In the thousands of years that people have spent on clothing, they have created a series of amazing styles, many of which have been reconstructed from living clothing, photographs, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. The history of the costume serves as a source of inspiration for current fashion designers, as well as topics of professional interest to build customers for dramas, movies, television, and historical shows.
Contemporary clothing
Western dress code
Western dress code has changed over the last 500 years. Mechanization of the textile industry makes many types of fabrics widely available at affordable prices. The style has changed, and the availability of synthetic fabrics has changed the definition of "style". In the second half of the 20th century, blue jeans became very popular, and are now used for events that usually require formal wear. Activewear is also a huge and growing market.
Jeans in Western dress code are worn by men and women. There are several unique styles of jeans that are found, among others: high rise jeans, mid rise jeans, low rise jeans, bootcut jeans, straight jeans, cropped jeans, skinny jeans, jeans cuffs, boyfriend jeans, and jeans capri.
Licensing designer names were pioneered by designers such as Pierre Cardin in 1960 and have become common practice in the fashion industry from around the 1970s. Among the more popular include Marc Jacobs and Gucci, named after Marc Jacobs and Guccio Gucci respectively.
Western style spread
In the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles have, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the period of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has been going on for centuries when Western media corporations have penetrated markets around the world, spreading Western culture and style. Rapid fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These clothes are cheaper, Western garments are mass-produced. Used clothing donated from Western countries is also sent to people in poor countries by charitable organizations.
Ethnic and cultural heritage
People may wear ethnic or national attire at special occasions or in specific roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style clothing for everyday wear, but still wear traditional hanboks at special occasions, such as weddings and cultural vacations. Western fashion goods may also look obsolete or accessorize in typical, non-Western ways. A Tongan man can combine a T-shirt that is used with a wrapped Tongan skirt, or a tupenu.
Sports and activity
Most sports and physical activities are practiced in special clothing, for practical reasons, comfort or safety. Common sportswear includes shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, tight clothes, sportswear, and coaches. Special clothing includes wet clothes (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopette (for skiing) and tight clothes (for gymnastics). Also, spandex material is often used as a base layer to absorb sweat. Spandex is also preferred for active sports that require matching clothing, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & amp; fields, dancing, gymnastics and swimming.
Mode
Paris sets the fashion trends for Europe and North America from 1900 to 1940. In the 1920s, the goal was to escape. Women wear dresses all day, every day. The dress of the day has a downed waist, a sash or belt at low waist or hips and skirts that hang anywhere from the ankles to the knees, never above. Daywear has arms (long to mid biceps) and skirts that are straight, begging, hank hem, or tired. Jewelry is not too flashy. Hair is often loosened, giving a childish look.
In the 21st century various styles exist in fashion, varying according to geography, modern media exposure, economic conditions, and from expensive haute couture to traditional clothing, to grunge secondhand stores. The fashion show is an event for designers to showcase new and often luxurious designs.
Future trends
The world of clothes is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovation. Researchers in scientific laboratories have developed prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothing that can automatically adjust their temperatures, drive bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some of the practical advances that are already available to consumers are bulletproof clothing made with kevlar fabrics and stain-proof fabrics coated with a chemical mixture that reduces liquid absorption. The new blend of Spandex cotton blends allows for a fitting shape and a more fitting mass produced stretch pattern. The new mesh material allows better breathing skills in shoes. New insulating fibers and batting make lighter clothes that provide warmth in cold or wet weather, and the latest advances in coatings for fabrics or downs also repel water.
Political issues
Working conditions in the garment industry
Although mechanization changed most aspects of human industry in the mid-20th century, garment workers continue to work under challenging conditions that require repetitive manual work. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what some consider to be a sweatshop, characterized by long hours, lack of benefits, and a lack of worker representation. Although most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothing made in industrialized countries can also be produced in a similar fashion.
NGO coalitions, designers (including Katharine Hamnett, American Apparel, Veja, Quiksilver, eVocal, and Edun) and campaign groups such as the Clean Cloth Campaign (CCC) and the Global Labor and Human Rights Institute and the textile and clothing unions have tried to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness raising events, drawing the attention of the media and the general public to the workers.
Outsourcing of production to low wage countries such as Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which places quotas on textile imports, is considered a protectionist measure. Although many countries recognize treaties such as the International Labor Organization, which seek to set standards for workers' safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaty or fail to enforce them in full. India for example has not ratified articles 87 and 92 of the treaty.
Despite a strong reaction that sweatshops emerged among critics of globalization, textile production has served as a consistent industry for developing countries that provide jobs and wages, whether interpreted as exploitative or not, up to thousands of people.
Feather
The use of fur in clothing dates back to prehistoric times. Currently associated in developed countries with expensive designer clothes, although the feathers are still used by indigenous people in the arctic zone and higher altitudes for warmth and protection. After not being controversial, it has recently been the focus of the campaign on the ground that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with animal rights groups and other animal exemptions have called attention to feather farms and other practices they consider cruel.
Life cycle
Clothing Maintenance
Clothing suffers from both inside and outside attacks. The human body discards the skin cells and body oils, and emits sweat, urine, and dirt. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion, and dirt powder. Fleas and lice can hide in hems. Used clothing, if not cleaned and renewed, itching, becoming obsolete, and loss of functionality (such as when a button falls, stitches coming off, thin or torn fabrics, and zippers fail).
Often, people wear clothing so messy. Some materials present problems. Cleansing the skin is difficult, and the leather fabric (tapa) can not be washed without dissolving it. The owners can patch up the tears and tears, and brush the surface dirt, but ingredients like this inevitable age.
However, most clothing consists of cloth, and most fabrics can be washed and repaired (patching, dripping, but comparing it feels).
Laundry, ironing, storage
Humans have developed many special methods for washing, from the initial method of pounding clothes against rocks in flowing streams, to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning (dissolving dirt in solvents other than water). Washing hot water (boiling), cleaning chemicals and ironing is a traditional method to sterilize fabrics for hygiene purposes.
Many types of clothing are designed to be ironed before being worn to remove wrinkles. Most formal and semi-formal attire are in this category (for example, shirts and clothing). Ironed clothes are believed to be clean, fresh and tidy. Many contemporary casual clothing is made of knit fabrics that are not easily crumpled, and do not need to be ironed. Some clothing is a permanent press, has been treated with a layer (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.
Once the clothes are washed and probably ironed, they are usually hung on a coat hanger or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn out. Clothes are folded to enable them to be stored in a compact, to prevent tangles, to preserve wrinkles or to present them in a more pleasing way, for example when they are sold in stores.
Non-iron
Resins used to make non-wrinkle shirts release formaldehyde, which can cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements existed, and in 2008 the US Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest rate was on shirts and pants that did not wrinkle. In 1999, a study on the effect of washing at the level of formaldehyde found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of the 27 shirts had a rate of more than 75 ppm, which is a safe boundary for direct skin exposure.
Mending
In the past, improving was an art. A careful tailor or tailor can fix a tear with a torn yarn from the hem and coat the edges so skillfully that the tear is practically invisible. When raw materials - fabrics - are worth more than labor, it makes sense to spend energy in storing them. Clothes today are considered consumables. Mass-produced clothing is cheaper than the energy needed to fix it. Many people buy new clothes instead of spending time fixing. Save still replace the zipper and buttons and sew the rhizome.
Recycling
Used unused clothing can be used for blankets, duster, carpets, bandages, and many other household uses. It can also be recycled into paper. In Western societies, used clothing is often discarded or donated to charity (such as through clothing). It is also sold to consignment stores, clothing agents, flea markets, and online auctions. Used clothing is also often collected on an industrial scale to be sorted and shipped for reuse in poor countries. Globally, used clothing is worth $ 4 billion with the US as a leading exporter at $ 575 million.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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