smart grid is a power grid covering various operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart equipment, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electrical conditioning and control of electricity production and distribution are important aspects of smart grid.
Smart grid policy is set in Europe as the Smart Grid European Technology Platform. Policies in the United States are described in 42 U.S.C. ch. 152, subch. IX Ã,§ 17381.
Roll-out smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although the typical use of this term is focused on technical infrastructure.
Video Smart grid
​​â € <â €
Historical development of power grid
The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, power distribution, and demand-driven controls.
In the 20th century, local networks grew over time, and eventually intertwined for economic and reliability reasons. In the 1960s, the power grid of developed countries has become very large, mature and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' power plants delivering power to large load centers through high-capacity power lines that are then branched off and divided to provide electric power. smaller industrial and domestic users throughout the supply area. The grid topology of the 1960s was the result of a strong economic scale: large-scale, 1GW (1,000MW) gasoline, gas and oil-based power plants up to 3 GW were found to be cost-effective, because to improve the efficiency of features that could be cost-effective only when stations become very large.
Power plants are strategically placed to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mine or the well itself, or near a rail, road or port supply line). Determination of hydro-electric dam in the mountains also greatly affect the structure of emerging networks. Nuclear power plants are deployed for the availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil-fueled power plants were initially highly polluting and located economically as far away as possible from the population center after the electricity distribution network allowed it. In the late 1960s, the power grid reached the majority of the population of developed countries, with only the remotest areas remaining 'outside the network'.
Measurement of electricity consumption is required on a per-user basis to allow billing according to different levels of user consumption (varies greatly). Due to the limitations of data collection and processing capabilities during the electricity grid growth period, fixed tariff arrangements are usually enforced, as well as multiple tariff arrangements where electricity at night is charged at a lower rate than daytime power. The motivation for double tariff setting is lower night demand. The double rate allows the use of cheap night-time electricity in applications such as 'hot bank' maintenance that serves to 'smooth' daily demand, and reduces the number of turbines that need to be shut off overnight, thereby increasing the utilization and profitability of generations and transmission facilities. The metering capabilities of the 1960s grid mean technological limitations on the extent to which price signals can be propagated through the system.
During the 1970s to the 1990s, increasing demand led to more power generation. In some areas, power supplies, especially during busy times, can not meet this demand, resulting in poor power quality including power cuts, power cuts, and power outages. The more electricity that relies on industry, heating, communications, lighting, and entertainment, and consumers demand a higher level of reliability.
Towards the end of the 20th century, a pattern of electricity demand was created: domestic heating and air conditioning led to a daily peak in demand filled by a series of 'peaking power' that would only be turned on for a short period every day. The relatively low utilization of these peak generators (generally, gas turbines are used because of their relatively lower capital costs and faster start-up times), along with the redundancy required in the power grid, result in high costs for power companies, which are passed on in the form of increased tariffs. In the 21st century, some developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil are seen as pioneers of intelligent network deployment.
Opportunities for modernization
Since the beginning of the 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improved electronic communications technologies to resolve the limitations and costs of the power grid have become clear. The technological limitations on the meter no longer force peak power prices to be averaged and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concern over environmental damage from fossil fuel power plants has led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power vary widely, so the need for more sophisticated control systems becomes apparent, to facilitate source connection to highly controlled networks. The power of photovoltaic cells (and at lower wind turbine levels) also, significantly, questions the necessity for large centralized power plants. A rapid cost reduction leads to a major change from a centralized network topology into a highly distributed one, with the power generated both and consumed just on the grid boundary. Finally, growing concerns over terrorist attacks in some countries have led to calls for stronger energy networks less dependent on centralized power plants that are considered potential targets of attacks.
Definition of "smart grid"
The first official Smart Grid definition was provided by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed by President George W. Bush in December 2007. The title XIII of the Bill provides a description, with ten characteristics, which can be considered as a definition for Smart Grid, as follows:
"It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the nation's electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future demand growth and to achieve each of the following, which together characterize the Smart Grid: (1) use of digital information and control technologies to improve the reliability, security, and efficiency of power grids (2) dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber security (3) Distribution and integration of distributed resources and generation, including renewable resources (4) Development and integration of demand responses, demand-side resources, and energy efficiency resources (5) The use of 'smart' (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of consumer equipment and devices) for measurement, communication of operations and grid status, and distribution automation. (6) In tegration of 'smart' equipment and consumer devices. (7) The deployment and integration of sophisticated electrical storage and peak shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and thermal storage air conditioners. (8) Terms for consumers timely information and control options. (9) Development of standards for communication and interoperability of equipment and equipment connected to power grids, including infrastructure that serves the grid. (10) Identify and reduce unnecessary or unnecessary barriers to the adoption of smart grid technologies, practices and services. "
A common element for most definitions is the application of digital processing and communication to the power grid, making data flow and information management a smart network center. Various capabilities resulted from the use of digital technology that is highly integrated with the power grid. The integration of new grid information is one of the major problems in smart grid design. Power companies now find themselves making three classes of transformation: improved infrastructure, called strong networks in China; addition of digital layer, which is the core of smart grid ; and business process transformation, is necessary to capitalize on investments in smart technology. Much of the work that has been going on in the modernization of the power grid, especially substations and distribution automation, is now included in the general concept of smart grid. Initial technological innovation
Smart grid technologies emerge from previous attempts using electronic control, measurement, and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter readings were used to monitor payloads from large customers, and evolved into Advanced Metering Infrastructure in the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smart meters add continuous communication so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to request response-aware devices and smart sockets at home. The earliest forms of demand-side management technology are dynamic demand devices that passively sense the load on the grid by monitoring changes in the frequency of the power supply. Devices such as industrial and domestic air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters adjust their duty cycle to avoid activation during grid times experiencing peak conditions. Beginning in 2000, the Telegestore Project in Italy was the first to create a network of a large number (27 million) homes using smart meters connected via low-bandwidth power channel communications. Some experiments use the term broadband over power lines (BPL), while others use wireless technologies such as mesh networks that are promoted for more reliable connections to different devices at home as well as supporting other utility measurements such as gas and water.
Broad area network monitoring and synchronization was revolutionized in the early 1990s when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors capable of rapid anomaly analysis in electrical quality over a huge geographic area. The culmination of this work was the first Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) operational in 2000. Other countries quickly integrated this technology - China began to have a comprehensive national WAMS when the last 5 years economic plan was completed in 2012.
The initial deployment of intelligent networks includes the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the Austin, Texas (since 2003) mesh network, and the intelligent network in Boulder, Colorado (2008). See Implementation and deployment efforts below.
Maps Smart grid
Features of smart grid
Intelligent networks represent a complete range of current and proposed responses to power supply challenges. Due to various factors, there are many competing taxonomies and no agreement on universal definitions. However, one category may be given here.
Reliability
Smart networks use technologies such as state estimates, which increase error detection and allow self-healing of the network without technician intervention. This will ensure a more reliable power supply, and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters or attacks.
Although some routes are touted as a smart network feature, the old network also displays many routes. The initial power grid on the grid was built using a radial model, connectivity was then secured through multiple routes, called network structures. However, this creates a new problem: if the flow of current or associated effects across the network exceeds the limit of certain network elements, it can fail, and will now be diverted to other network elements, which may ultimately fail as well, causing a domino effect. See power outages. Techniques to prevent this are blackouts with rotating blackouts or brownouts.
The economic impact of increased reliability and robustness of the network is the subject of a number of studies and can be calculated using US-funded methodologies for US locations using at least one calculation tool.
Flexibility in network topology
The next generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle the possibility of bidirection energy flow , allowing for distributed distributions such as from photovoltaic panels on the roof of the building but also the use of fuel cells,/from electric car batteries, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, and other sources.
The classic grid is designed for a one-way electric current, but if the local sub-network produces more power than is consumed, backflow can improve safety and reliability issues. The intelligent network aims to manage this situation.
Efficiency
Many of the contributions to the overall improvement of energy infrastructure efficiency are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technologies, in particular including demand-side management , eg turning off air conditioning during short-term spikes in electricity prices, reducing stress whenever possible on distribution channels through Voltage Optimization/VAR (VVO), removing truck rolls for meter reading, and reducing roll-trucks by improving blackout management using data from the Advanced Metering Infrastructure system. The overall effect is less redundancy in the transmission and distribution lines, and utilization of larger generators, leading to lower power prices.
Load_adjustment.2FLoad_balancing Load balancing Load balancing
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the total payload is the sum of many individual client choices, the overall burden is unstable, the slow varies, the increase in burden if a popular television program begins and millions of televisions will attract immediate flows. Traditionally, to respond to the rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of large generators, some backup generators are put in a discreet standby mode. Intelligent networks can alert all individual television sets, or other larger customers, to reduce temporary loads (to allow time to start larger generators) or on an ongoing basis (in the case of limited resources). Using a mathematical prediction algorithm it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to achieve a certain failure rate. In traditional networks, the failure rate can only be reduced by the cost of more standby generators. In a smart network, load reduction by even a small part of the client can eliminate the problem.
Reduced limits/leveling and usage time
To reduce demand during high cost peak usage periods, communications and measurement technologies inform smart devices at home and business when high energy demand and track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives the utility companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to the device directly to prevent the system being overloaded. An example is a utility reducing the use of a cluster of electric vehicle charging stations or a shift point set of the air conditioner temperature in the city. To motivate them to reduce their use and do so-called peak restrictions or peak leveling , electricity prices increase during periods of high demand, and decrease during low demand periods. It is estimated that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less during periods of high demand if it is possible for consumers and consumer devices to be aware of high price premiums for using electricity during peak periods. This could mean making trade-offs such as cycling on/off AC or running a dishwasher at 9 pm instead of 5 pm. When businesses and consumers see direct economic benefits of using energy in a non-busy time, the theory is that they will put energy costs into their consumer devices and construct construction decisions and hence become more energy efficient. View Measurement time and response time.
According to proponents of intelligent network plans, this would reduce the amount of spinning reserves that atomic utilities should remain stand-by, because the load curves would level themselves through a combination of "hands free" free market capitalism and central control of a large number of devices by the power management services that give consumers are part of the peak power saved by turning off their devices.
Sustainability
The enhanced flexibility of the smart grid enables greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. The current network infrastructure is not built to allow many feed-in points to be distributed, and usually even if multiple feed-ins are allowed at the local (distribution) level, the transmission-level infrastructure can not accommodate. Rapid fluctuations in distributed generation, such as cloudy or sweaty weather, present significant challenges for electrical power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels by varying the output of more controllable generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for large amounts of renewable electricity in the grid for this reason.
Market activation
Intelligent networks enable systematic communication between suppliers (their energy prices) and consumers (willingness to pay), and allow both suppliers and consumers to become more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only a critical charge must pay peak energy prices, and consumers will be more strategic when they use energy. Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum profit, while inflexible generators such as base load steam turbines and wind turbines will receive rates that vary based on the level of demand and status of other generators currently in operation. The overall effect is a signal that rewards energy efficiency, and energy consumption that is sensitive to varied supply limitations. At the domestic level, equipment with energy storage levels or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, hot banks and heat pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimize energy costs by adapting demand to lower markets. period of energy support costs. This is an extension of the price of the double rate energy mentioned above.
Request response support
The request response support allows generators and loads to interact automatically in real time, coordinating requests to flatten spikes. Removing fractions from requests that occur in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding backup generators, cuts wear and extends equipment life, and enables users to cut their energy bills by telling low-priority devices to use energy only when it is the cheapest.
Currently, electrical grid systems have multiple levels of communication in control systems for high-value assets, such as in power plants, transmission lines, substations, and major energy users. In general, information flows one-way, from users and the loads they control back to the utility. Utilities try to meet demand and succeed or fail in varying degrees (blackouts, rolling blackouts, uncontrolled blackouts). The total number of power requests by the user can have a very wide probability distribution requiring spare backup generators in idle mode to respond to rapidly changing power usage. This one-way flow of information is expensive; The last 10% of generating capacity may be needed as little as 1% of the time, and blackouts and blackouts can be expensive for consumers.
Demand responses can be provided by commercial, residential and industrial loads. For example, Operation Warrick Alcoa participates in the MISO as a Qualified Response Response Resource, and Trimet Aluminum uses a smelter as a short-term mega battery.
Data flow latency is a major concern, with some early intelligent meter architecture that allows actual 24-hour delay in receiving data, preventing any possible reaction by supplying or requesting devices.
Platform for advanced services
As with any industry, the use of robust two-way communication, advanced sensors, and distributed computing technology will improve the efficiency, reliability, and security of shipping and power usage. It also unlocks the potential for an entirely new service or repair on existing ones, such as fire monitoring and power-off alarms, making phone calls to emergency services, etc.
Provision megabits, power control with kilobits, sell the rest
The amount of data needed to monitor and shut down equipment automatically is very small compared to those already reaching remote homes even to support voice, security, Internet and TV services. Much of the increase in intelligent network bandwidth is paid with over-provisioning to also support customer service, and subsidizes communications with energy-related services or subsidizes energy-related services, such as higher rates during peak times, with communications. This is especially true when governments run both sets of services as public monopolies. Since power and communications companies are generally separate commercial enterprises in North America and Europe, the company has been demanding the efforts of governments and large vendors to encourage companies to work together. Some, like Cisco, see opportunities in providing devices to consumers that are very similar to the ones they have long provided for the industry. Others, such as Silver Spring Networks or Google, are data integrators rather than equipment vendors. While standard AC power controls suggest powerline networks will be the primary means of communication between smart grids and home devices, bits may not reach home via Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) initially but with a fixed wireless.
Technology
Most smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunication and are being adapted for use in grid operations.
- Unified communications: The areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, data surveillance and control (SCADA) controls, energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power lines communication and fiber optics. Integrated communications will enable real-time control, information, and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
- Sensing and measurement: the main task of evaluating network congestion and stability, health monitoring equipment, energy theft prevention, and support of control strategies. Technology includes: advanced microprocessor meter (meter smart) and meter reading equipment, wide area monitoring system, dynamic line ranking (usually based on online reading by Distributed temperature sensing combined with real time thermal rating system (RTTR)), electromagnetic/analysis, usage time and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
- Smart meter.
- Phasor measurement unit. Many in the power systems engineering community believe that the 2003 Northeast outage could be contained in a much smaller area if the broad-area phasor-measuring network already exists.
- Distributed power flow control: a power flow control device clamps into an existing transmission line to control the power flow inside. Transmission channels enabled with such devices support the use of greater renewable energy by providing more consistent real-time controls on how the energy is channeled in the grid. This technology allows the grid to more effectively save intermittent energy from renewable energy for later use.
- Smart power plants use sophisticated components: smart power plants are a power plant match concept with requests using multiple identical generators that can start, stop and operate efficiently at the selected load, regardless of others, make it suitable for basic load and peak power plant. Adjusting supply and demand, called load balancing, is essential for a stable and reliable power supply. Short-term deviations in equilibrium cause variations in frequency and result of prolonged incompatibility in outages. Power transmission system operators are filled with balancing tasks, adjusting the power output of all generators to their electrical network loads. Load balancing tasks become much more challenging as the more intermittent and variable generators such as wind turbines and solar cells are added to the grid, forcing other manufacturers to adjust their output much more often than was necessary in the past. The first two dynamic grid stability power plants use the concept that has been ordered by Elering and will be built by WÃÆ'¤rtsilÃÆ'¤ in Kiisa, Estonia (Kiisa Power Plant). The goal is to "provide dynamic generation capacity to deal with sudden and unexpected drop in power supplies." They are scheduled to be ready during 2013 and 2014, and their total output will be 250 MW.
- Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis and appropriate solutions for specific network outages or outages. This technology relies and contributes to each of the other four key areas. Three categories of technologies for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analysis tools (high-speed software and computer algorithms), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand responses, etc.). Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian's power grid in China creates a broad protection system that can quickly accurately calculate control strategies and execute them. Monitoring Stability & amp; Control (VSMC) software uses successive linear programming methods based on the sensitivity to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
Research
Main program
IntelliGrid - Created by the Electricity Research Institute (EPRI), the IntelliGrid architecture provides methodologies, tools, and recommendations for standards and technologies for utility use in system planning, establishment and procurement IT-based, such as advanced metering, distribution automation, and demand responsiveness. Architecture also provides a live laboratory for assessing devices, systems, and technologies. Some utilities have implemented IntelliGrid architecture including Southern California Edison, Long Island Authority, Salt River Project, and TXU Electricity Delivery. The IntelliGrid consortium is a public/private partnership that integrates and optimizes global research efforts, funding R & D technology D, work to integrate technology, and disseminate technical information.
Grid 2030 - Grid 2030 is a joint vision statement for a US electrical system developed by the electric utility industry, equipment manufacturers, information technology providers, federal and state government agencies, interest groups , universities, and national laboratories. This includes generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and end use. Roadmap National Electrical Shipping Technology is an implementation document for Grid 2030 vision. The Roadmap outlines key issues and challenges to modernize the grid and suggests a path that governments and industry can take to build America's future electricity delivery system.
The Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) is a collaborative effort between the US Department of Energy (DOE), the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), utilities, consumers, researchers, and grid stakeholders others to modernize and integrate the US power grid. The Office of Electrical Delivery and Energy Reliability DOE (OE) sponsors the initiative, built on Grid 2030 and Roadmap of National Power Delivery Technology and aligned with other programs such as GridWise and GridWorks.
GridWise - OE DOE Program focusing on developing information technology to modernize the US power grid. Working with the GridWise Alliance, the program invests in communication architecture and standards; simulation and analysis tools; smart technology; test beds and demonstration projects; and new regulations, institutions, and market frameworks. The GridWise Alliance is a consortium of public and private power sector stakeholders, providing a forum for exchange of ideas, collaborative efforts, and meetings with policy makers at federal and state levels.
The GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) is established by the US Department of Energy to promote and enable interoperability among many entities that interact with the country's electrical systems. GWAC members are a well-respected and respected team representing many of the power supply chain constituents and users. GWAC provides industry guides and tools for articulating interoperability objectives across electrical systems, identifying the concepts and architecture necessary to enable interoperability, and developing actionable measures to facilitate system, device, and institutional interfaces that include electrical systems. The Framework Interformability Framework Agreement GridWise Architecture Council, V 1.1 defines the necessary guidelines and principles.
GridWorks - OE DOE Program that focuses on improving the reliability of electrical systems through the modernization of key lattice components such as cables and conductors, substations and protective systems, and power electronics. Program focus includes coordination efforts on high temperature superconductor systems, transmission reliability technology, power distribution technology, energy storage devices, and GridWise systems.
Pacific Northwest Pacific Network Demonstration Project. - This project is a demonstration in five states of the Pacific Northwest-Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. It involves about 60,000 meter subscribers, and contains many key functions of the future smart grid.
Solar Cities - In Australia, the Sun Cities program includes close cooperation with energy companies to test smart, top and off-peak, switching distance and related efforts. It also provides some limited funds for network upgrades.
Intelligent Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) - Located at the University of California, Los Angeles has dedicated its efforts to large-scale testing of intelligent EV charging network technology - WINSmartEV (TM). It creates another platform for Smart Grid architecture that allows two-way flow of information between utilities and consumer end devices - WINSmartGrid (TM). SMERC has also developed a demand response test bed (DR) consisting of Control Center, Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS), Home-Area-Network (HAN), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and photovoltaic (PV) panel. The technology is installed within the Los Angeles Water and Electricity Department and the Southern California Edison region as an EV charger network, battery energy storage system, solar panels, DC fast chargers, and Vehicle-to-Vision units (V2G). These platforms, communications and control networks enable larger UCLA-led projects in Los Angeles to be researched, developed and tested in partnership with two major local utilities, SCE and LADWP.
Smart grid modeling
Many different concepts have been used to model smart power grids. They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems. In recent brainstorming sessions, the power grid is considered in the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glass dynamics, information theory, cloud microphysics, and many others. Here is a selection of the kind of analysis that has emerged in recent years.
- Self-verifying and self-monitoring system
Pelqim Spahiu and Ian R. Evans in their research introduced the concept of substance-based intelligent protection and Hybrid Inspection Unit.
- Osamator Kuramoto
The Kuramoto model is a well-studied system. The electrical grid has been described in this context as well. The goal is to keep the system balanced, or to maintain phase synchronization (also known as phase locking). Non-uniform Oscillators also help model different technologies, different types of power generation, consumption patterns, and so on. This model has also been used to describe the pattern of synchronization in the blink of fireflies.
- Bio-system
Electrical networks have been linked to complex biological systems in many other contexts. In one study, the power grid compared to the social network of dolphins. These creatures streamline or intensify communication in the event of an unusual situation. The intercommunication that allows them to survive is complex.
- Network random fuses
In percolation theory, random fuse networks have been studied. Current density may be too low in some areas, and too strong elsewhere. Therefore the analysis can be used to smooth the potential problems in the network. For example, high-speed computer analysis can predict blown fuses and fix them, or analyze patterns that might cause a power outage. It is difficult for humans to predict long-term patterns in complex networks, so network fuses or diodes are used instead.
- Intelligent Grid Communications Network
Network Simulator is used to simulate/mimic the effects of network communication. This usually involves setting up a laboratory with smart grid devices, apps, etc. With a virtual network provided by the network simulator.
- Nervous system
Neural networks have been considered for power grid management as well. Electrical systems can be classified in different ways: non-linear, dynamic, discrete, or random. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) try to solve the most difficult, non-linear problem.
- Demand Forecasting
One of the applications of ANN is demand forecasting. In order for the grid to operate economically and reliably, demand forecasting is very important, as it is used to predict the amount of power to be consumed by the load. This depends on weather conditions, day type, random events, incidents, etc. For non-linear loads, the load profile is not smooth and predictable, resulting in higher uncertainty and less accurate use of the traditional Artificial Intelligence model. Some of the factors ANN considered when developing such a model: class classification of different customer class loads based on electricity consumption, increased responsiveness of demand to predict real-time power prices compared to conventional grids, the need to include past demand as different components, such as peak load , base load, valley load, average load, etc. rather than merging them into one input, and lastly, the type dependence on a particular input variable. The last case example will be given the type of day, whether weekdays or weekends, which will not have much effect on the Hospital grid, but that would be a big factor in the housing residents' network load profile.
- Markov processes
As wind power continues to gain popularity, it becomes an important ingredient in the study of realistic power grids. Off-line storage, wind variability, supply, demand, price, and other factors can be modeled as a math game. Here the aim is to develop a winning strategy. The Markov process has been used to model and study this type of system.
- Maximum entropy
All of these methods, in one way or another, the maximum entropy method, which is the active area of ​​the study. This goes back to Shannon's ideas, and many other researchers are studying communication networks. Continuing the same line today, modern wireless network research often considers network congestion issues, and many algorithms are proposed to minimize it, including game theory, innovative combination of FDMA, TDMA, and others.
Economy
Market prospects
In 2009, the US smart grid industry is worth about $ 21.4 billion - by 2014, will exceed at least $ 42.8 billion. Given the success of smart grid in the US, the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, jumping from $ 69.3 billion in 2009 to $ 171.4 billion in 2014. With segments set to gain the most profit are hardware hardware sellers intelligent and software makers used to send and manage large amounts of data collected by meters. Recently, the World Economic Forum reported a transformational investment of more than $ 7.6 trillion needed over the next 25 years (or $ 300 billion per year) to modernize, expand and decentralize electricity infrastructure with technical innovation as the key to transformation.
General economic developments
Because customers can choose their electrical suppliers, depending on their different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs will increase. Reduced maintenance and replacement costs will stimulate more advanced controls.
An intelligent network precisely limits electrical power to residential levels, small-scale distributed networks of energy plants and storage devices, communicates information about the status of operations and needs, gathers information about prices and grid conditions, and removes networks outside the control center to collaboratively. network.
Estimates and concerns of US and UK savings
One US Department of Energy study calculated that the internal modernization of the US power grid with smart networking capability will save between 46 and 117 billion dollars over the next 20 years. As well as the benefits of modernizing the industry, the smart grid feature can expand the energy efficiency beyond the grid to homes by coordinating low priority home appliances such as water heaters so that their power usage takes advantage of the most desired energy source. The smart grid can also coordinate the power production of a large number of small power producers such as the owner of roofing solar panels - a setting that would otherwise be problematic for power system operators in local utilities.
One important question is whether consumers will act in response to market signals. The US Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Program The Intelligent Investment Grant and Demonstration Program fund a special consumer behavior study to test consumer acceptance, retention and response that subscribe to time-based utility programs involving sophisticated meter infrastructure and customer systems such as home display and programmable programmable thermostats.
Another concern is that the cost of telecommunications to fully support intelligent networks may be prohibitive. A cheaper communication mechanism is proposed using a form of "dynamic demand management" in which the device shaves the peak by shifting its load in response to the lattice frequency. Grid frequency can be used to communicate load information without requiring additional telecommunication networks, but will not support economic bargaining or quantification of contributions.
Although smart grid technology is specific and proven to be used, smart grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies where specifications are generally agreed upon, rather than a name for a particular technology. Some of the benefits of a modernized power grid include the ability to reduce consumer power consumption during peak hours, so-called demand-side management; enables network connections from distributed power plants (with photovoltaic arrangements, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combined heat generation in buildings); combine grid energy storage for distributed load balancing load; and eliminate or contain failures such as widespread cascading network failures. Improved efficiency and reliability of smart networks are expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.
Opposition and worries
Most of the opposition and worries centered on smart measurers and items (such as remote control, long-distance disconnection, and variable pricing) enabled by them. When opposed by smart meters, they are often marketed as "smart grid" connecting intelligent networks to smart meters in the eyes of opponents. Specific points of disagreement or concern include:
- consumer concerns over privacy, e.g. use of law enforcement data
- social awareness of "fair" electricity availability
- concerns that complicated tariff systems (eg variable rates) remove clarity and accountability, allow suppliers to take advantage of customers
- concerns over a remote-controlled "switch" that is inserted into most smart meters
- social awareness of Enron-style abuse of information leverage
- concerns provide a government mechanism for controlling the use of all powers using activity
- concern over RF emissions from smart meters
Security
While modernizing the power grid into smart networks enables the optimization of everyday processes, intelligent networks, being online, can be vulnerable to cyber attacks. Transformers that increase the electrical voltage made in the power plant for long-distance travel, the transmission line itself, and the distribution channels that deliver electricity to its customers are very vulnerable. This system relies on sensors that collect information from the field and then sends it to the control center, where the algorithm automates the analysis and decision-making process. These decisions are sent back to the field, where the existing equipment executes them. Hackers have the potential to disrupt this automatic control system, disconnecting channels that allow the generated electricity to be utilized. This is called a denial of service or a DoS attack. They can also launch integrity attacks that undermine the information transmitted along the system as well as the synchronization attacks that affect when the information is sent to the right location. In addition, intruders may re-access through renewable energy generation systems and smart meters connected to the network, taking advantage of more specific flaws or whose safety has not been prioritized. Because smart networks have multiple access points, such as smart meters, keeping all of their weak points can be difficult. There are also concerns about infrastructure security, especially those involving communications technology. Concerns are mainly centered around communication technologies at the heart of smart networks. Designed to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters at home and business customers, there is a risk that this ability can be exploited for criminal or even terrorist acts. One of the key capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to shut down the power supply remotely, allowing utilities to quickly and easily stop or modify inventory for failed customers in payments. This is undoubtedly a great boon for energy providers, but it also poses some significant security issues. Cyber ​​criminals have infiltrated the US power grid earlier in various occasions. Apart from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that computer malware such as Stuxnet, which targets SCADA systems that are widely used in industry, can be used to attack smart grid networks.
Electric theft is a concern in the US. Where intelligent measurers are used use RF technology to communicate with power transmission lines. People with electronic knowledge can design interference devices to cause smart gauges to report lower than actual usage. Similarly, the same technology can be used to make it seem that the energy consumers use is being used by other customers, increasing their bills.
The damage from a sizable virtual attack can be very extensive and durable. One substation that can not afford can take nine days to more than a year to be repaired, depending on the nature of the attack. It can also cause blackouts for hours in a small radius. This could have a direct effect on transport infrastructure, such as traffic lights and other routing mechanisms as well as ventilation equipment for underground streets depending on electricity. In addition, infrastructure that relies on electricity grids, including wastewater treatment facilities, the information technology sector, and communication systems can be affected
The December 2015 Ukrainian electricity grid cyberattack, the first recorded of its kind, service is disrupted to nearly a quarter of a million people carrying offline substations. The Council on Foreign Relations has noted that countries are most likely to be the perpetrators of such attacks because they have access to resources to bring out despite the high level of difficulty to do so. Cyber ​​Intrusion can be used as part of a larger attack, military or otherwise. Some security experts warn that this type of event is easily scalable to the network elsewhere. Lloyd's of London insurance company has modeled the results of a cyber attack on the Eastern Interconnection, which has the potential to affect 15 countries, put 93 million people in the dark, and harm the country's economy anywhere from $ 243 billion to $ 1 trillion in damage..
According to the Subcommittee of the US House of Representatives for Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, the power grid has seen a large number of cyber intrusions, with two in every five aiming to paralyze it. Thus, the US Department of Energy has prioritized research and development to reduce the vulnerability of the power grid to cyber attacks, citing it as an "imminent danger" in the Quarterly Energy Review 2017. The Department of Energy has also identified both resistance to attacks and self-healing as a key to ensure that the current intelligent network is proof of the future. Despite existing regulations, the Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards introduced by the North American Electrical Reliability Board, a large number of them are suggestions rather than mandates. Most power generation, transmission, and distribution facilities and equipment are owned by private stakeholders, making it more difficult to assess compliance with those standards. In addition, although utilities want to fully comply, they may find it too expensive to do so.
Some experts argue that the first step to improve cyber defense from smart power grids is to complete a comprehensive risk analysis of existing infrastructure, including software research, hardware, and communication processes. In addition, since the intrusion itself can provide valuable information, it can be useful to analyze system logs and other notes about the nature and timing. Common weaknesses have been identified using such methods by the Department of Homeland Security including poor code quality, improper authentication, and weak firewall rules. After this step is completed, some suggest that it makes sense to then complete the analysis of the potential consequences of the failures or deficiencies mentioned above. These include both direct consequences and second and third order run effects in parallel systems. Finally, risk mitigation solutions, which may include simple remediation of infrastructure deficiencies or new strategies, can be used to address the situation. Some of these actions include a recoding of control system algorithms to make them better able to withstand and recover from cyber attacks or preventive techniques that allow for more efficient detection of unusual or unauthorized data changes. Strategies to account for human errors that could harm the system include educating those working in the field to be wary of strange USB drives, which can introduce malware if inserted, even if only to check its contents.
Other solutions include utilizing transmission substations, restricted SCADA networks, policy-based data sharing, and endorsements for discreet intelligent meters.
Transmission entries use one-time signature authentication technology and one-way hash chain construction. This constraint has been improved by the creation of fast tagging technology and verification and buffer-free data processing technology.
A similar solution has been built for a restricted SCADA network. This involves applying the Hash-Based Messaging Authentication Code to a byte stream, changing the random error detection available on legacy systems to a mechanism that ensures the authenticity of the data.
Policy-based data sharing uses GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide improved network stability and reliability. This is done through the sync-phasor requirements collected by the PMU.
However, the validation of a constrained intelligent meter faces a slightly different challenge. One of the biggest problems with restricted intelligent meter attenuation is that to prevent energy theft, and similar attacks, cyber security providers must ensure that the device software is genuine. To resolve this problem, the architecture for the constrained intelligent network has been created and implemented at a low level in embedded systems.
Other challenges for adoption
Before the utility installs an advanced measurement system, or any type of smart system, it should create a business case for investment. Some components, such as power stabilizer systems (PSS) installed in generators are very expensive, require complex integration in the grid control system, are only required during emergencies, and are only effective if other suppliers in the network have them. Without an incentive to install it, the power supplier does not. Most utilities are difficult to justify installing a communications infrastructure for one application (eg meter reading). Therefore, the utility must identify multiple applications that will use the same communications infrastructure - for example, reading meters, monitoring power quality, remote connections and disconnecting customers, enabling demand responses, etc. Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support short-term applications, but unanticipated applications that will appear in the future. Regulatory or legislative actions can also encourage utilities to implement the pieces of the smart-box puzzle. Each utility has a unique set of business, regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide their investments. This means that each utility will take different paths to create their smart network and that different utilities will make smart grid with different adoption rates.
Some of the smart network features attract opposition from the current industry, or hope to provide similar services. An example is competition with cable and DSL internet providers from broadband through powerline internet access. SCADA control system providers for grids have deliberately designed proprietary hardware, protocols and software so they can not work with other systems to tie their customers with vendors.
The integration of digital communications and computer infrastructure with the existing physical infrastructure of networks poses inherent challenges and vulnerabilities. According to IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine, intelligent networks will require people to develop and use large computer and communications infrastructure that support greater levels of situational awareness and allow for more specific command and control operations. This process is required to support large systems such as broad measurement and demand-response control, electrical storage and transport, and electrical distribution automation.
Power Theft/Power Loss
Various "smart grid" systems have multiple functions. These include the Advanced Metering Infrastructure system which, when used with a variety of software can be used to detect theft of power and by process of elimination, detecting where equipment failure has occurred. This is in addition to their primary function eliminating the need for human meter readings and measuring electrical usage time.
Power losses around the world including thefts are estimated at about two hundred billion dollars each year.
Electric theft is also a major challenge when providing reliable electrical services in developing countries.
Implementation and deployment attempts
Enel . The earliest, and one of the largest, examples of intelligent networks is the Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A. from Italy. Completed in 2005, the Telegestore project is highly unusual in the utility world because companies design and manufacture their own meters, act as their own system integrators, and develop their own system software. The Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial-scale use of intelligent home networking technology, and provides an annual savings of 500 million euros at a project cost of 2.1 billion euros.
US Department of Energy - ARRA Smart Grid Project: One of the largest global deployment programs to date is the US Department of Energy's Smart Grid Program funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009. The program requires funding the corresponding of each utility. More than $ 9 billion of Public/Private funds are invested as part of this program. Technologies include Advanced Metering Infrastructure, including more than 65 million Advanced "Smart" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution & amp; Substation Automation, VAR/VAR Optimization System, more than 1,000 Synchrophasors, Dynamic Line Ratings, Cyber ​​Security Projects, Advanced Distribution Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems and Renewable Energy Integration Projects. The program consists of Investment Grant (matching), Demonstration Project, Consumer Acceptance Study, and Labor Education Program. Reports from all individual utility programs as well as an overall impact report will be completed in the second quarter of 2015.
Austin, Texas . In the US, the city of Austin, Texas has been working on building a smart network since 2003, when its utilities first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that communicate over wireless mesh networks. It currently manages 200,000 devices in real-time (smart meters, smart thermostats and sensors throughout the service area), and expects to support 500,000 devices in real-time in 2009 serving 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses.
Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both systems use smart meters as a gateway to home automation (HAN) networks that control sockets and smart devices. Some HAN designers support the decoupling control function of the meter, for fear of future incompatibility with the new standards and technologies available from the fast-moving business segment of home electronics.
Hydro One , in Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, deploying Trilliant standardized communications infrastructure from Trilliant. By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of Ontario. This initiative won the "AMR Initiative Best in North America" ​​award from Utility Planning Network.
The city of Mannheim in Germany uses realtime Broadband Powerline (BPL) communication in Model City Mannheim project "MoMa".
Adelaide in Australia also plans to implement the local Green Grid green grid in the reconstruction of Tonsley Park.
Sydney also in Australia, in partnership with the Australian Government apply Smart Grid, Smart City program.
ÃÆ' â € ° vora . InovGrid is an innovative project in ÃÆ'â € vora, Portugal that aims to equip power grids with information and tools to automate network management, improve service quality, reduce operating costs, promote energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, and increase penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles. It will be possible to control and manage the state of the entire electricity distribution network at any given time, enabling suppliers and energy service companies to use this technology platform to offer consumer information and value-added energy products and services. This project to install intelligent energy networks puts Portugal and EDP on the cutting edge of technological innovation and service provision in Europe.
E-Energy - In the so-called E-Energy project some German utilities created the first nucleol in six independent model regions. The technology competition identifies the area of ​​this model for conducting research and development activities with the primary goal of creating "Internet Energy."
Massachusetts . One of the first attempts to implement "smart network" technology in the United States was rejected in 2009 by an electric regulator at the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a US state. According to an article in the Boston Globe, Northeast Utilities' West Massachusetts Electric Co. subsidiary is actually trying to create a "smart network" program using public subsidies that will divert low-income subscribers from postpaid to pre-paid billing (using "smart cards") at in addition to the "premium" special rate for electricity used above a predetermined amount. This plan was rejected by the regulator for "eroding important protections for low-income customers against discontinuation". According to the Boston Globe, the plan "targeting unfairly low-income customers and avoiding Massachusetts law is meant to help consumers struggle on lighting". A spokesman for the environmental group supports the intelligent network plan and the "smart network" plan of Western Massachusetts 'Electricity', in particular, states "If used properly, smart grid technology has a lot of potential to reduce peak demand, which will allow us to turn off some power plants oldest and dirtiest electricity... It's a tool. "
The eEnergy Vermont consortium is a US state-wide initiative in Vermont, funded in part through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, in which all electric utilities in the state have quickly adopted a range of Smart Grid technologies, including about 90% of the deployment of Advanced Metering Infrastructure, and currently evaluates
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments