Education in Ancient Greece was highly "democratized" in the 5th century BC, influenced by the Sophists, Plato, and Isocrates. Later, in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greece, education in gymnasium schools was considered essential for participation in Greek culture. The value of physical education for the ancient Greeks and Romans is historically unique. There are two forms of education in ancient Greece: formal and informal. Formal education is obtained through attendance to a public school or provided by a hired teacher. Informal education is provided by unpaid teachers, and takes place in unusual places. Education is an important component of a person
Formal Greek education is primarily for men and non-slaves. At some poles, the law was passed to ban the education of slaves. Spartans also teach music and dance, but with the aim of improving their maneuverability as soldiers.
Video Education in ancient Greece
Sistem Athena
Classical Athens (508-322 BCE)
Pendidikan Baru
Older education in classical Athens consists of two main parts - intellectual and physical, or what Athenians know as "gumnastike" and "mousike." Gumnastike is a physical education that reflects the ideals of military strength, stamina, and preparation for war. Having a physically fit body is very important for the Athenians. Boys will start physical education either during or after starting their basic education. Initially, they will learn from a private teacher known as paidotribe . Finally, boys will start training at the gymnasium. Physical training is necessary to improve one's appearance, preparation for war, and good health in old age. On the other hand, the mousike is a combination of music, dance, lyrics, and modern poetry. Mousike gives students examples of beauty and nobility, as well as appreciation of harmony and rhythm. Students will write using a stylus, with which they will etch the coated wax board. When children are ready to start reading the entire work, they are often given poetry to memorize and read. Mythopoeic legends such as Hesiod and Homer are also highly regarded by the Athenians, and their works are often incorporated into lesson plans. Older education does not have a heavy structure and only shows the school up to the ground level. Once a child reaches adolescence, his formal education ends. Therefore, most of this education is informal and depends on simple human experience.
Higher Education
Just around 420 BC, Higher Education became famous in Athens. Philosophers such as Socrates ( c) 470-399 BC), as well as the sofistic movement, which led to the entry of foreign teachers, created a shift from Old to New Higher Education. This Higher Education extends formal education, and the Athenians began to have an intellectual capacity in terms of higher than physical. This shift caused controversy between those with traditional and modern views of education. Traditionalists believe that raising "intellectuals" would destroy the culture of Athens, and leave Athens at a disadvantage in war. On the other hand, those who support change feel that while physical strength is important, its value in relation to Athens's strength will diminish with time. Such people believe that education should be a tool for developing all human beings, including their intelligence. But Higher Education applies. The introduction of secondary and post-secondary education levels provides greater structure and depth to existing Old Education frameworks. More focused areas of study include math, astronomy, harmonics and dialectics - all with an emphasis on developing philosophical insights. It is deemed necessary for the individual to use knowledge within the framework of logic and reason.
Wealth plays an integral role in classical Athens Higher Education. In fact, the amount of Higher Education a person receives often depends on the ability and desire of the family to pay for such an education. Formal programs in Higher Education are often taught by sophists charged for their teaching. In fact, sophists will introduce their educational programs through the use of advertising in an effort to reach as many customers as possible. So, in many situations, only those who can afford participating prices and farmers' classes (who are under-capitalized) are limited in the education they can receive. Women and slaves are also prohibited from receiving education. People's expectations isolate women home, while trust in their lower intellectual abilities results in women having little or no access to formal education. Slaves are not legally allowed to access education.
After the Greeks became part of the Roman Empire, the learned Greeks were used as slaves by the prosperous Romans - indeed this was the main way in which the rich Romans were educated. This led to the continuation of Greek culture in the Roman sphere.
Classic Athenian Educator
Isocrates (436-338 BCE)
Isocrates was an influential classical Athenian orator. Growing up in Athens hit Isocrates for educators like Socrates and Gorgias at a young age and helped him develop a remarkable rhetoric. As he gets older and his understanding of education grows, Isocrates ignores the importance of art and science, believing rhetoric is the key to virtue. The purpose of education is to produce civilian efficiency and political leadership and therefore, the ability to speak well and convincingly becomes the cornerstone of his educational theory. However, at that time there was no definite curriculum for Higher Education, with only the presence of sophists who kept on traveling. In response, Isocrates founded the rhetorical school around 393 BC. The school is different from Plato's Academy (about 387 BC), which is largely based on science, philosophy, and dialectics.
Plato (428-348 BCE)
Plato is a classical Athens philosopher who studied under Socrates, who eventually became one of his most famous disciples. After the execution of Socrates, Plato left Athens in anger, refusing politics as a career and traveling to Italy and Sicily. He returned ten years later to establish his school, the Academy (c.387 BC) - named after the Greek hero Akademos. Plato regards education as a method of producing citizens who can operate as members of the civil society in Athens. On the one hand, Plato believes Athenians can obtain education through the experience of being a member of society, but he also understands the importance of deliberate training, or Higher Education, in the development of civil virtue. Thus, the reason behind establishing the Academy - what is often credited as the first University. It was at this school that Plato discussed many of his educational programs, which he described in his best work - the Republic. In his writings, Plato describes the strict process that must pass to achieve true virtue, and understand the reality for what it really is. The education required for such achievements, according to Plato, includes basic education in music, poetry, and physical training, two to three years of compulsory military training, ten years of mathematical science, five years of dialectical training, and fifteen years of practical political training. Some individuals who are equipped to achieve such a degree will be king-philosophers, the ideal city leaders of Plato.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle was a classical Greek philosopher. When born in Stagira, Chalkidice, Aristotle joined the Plato Academy in Athens during his last adolescence and remained for nine years of adolescence, resigning after Plato's death. His departure from the Academy also signaled his departure from Athens. Aristotle went on to join Hermeias, a former student at the Academy, who had been ruler of Atarneus and Assos on the northwest coast of Anatolia (now Turkey). He remained in Anatolia until, in 342 BC, he received an invitation from King Philip of Macedon to become the educator of his thirteen-year-old son Alexander. Aristotle accepted the invitation and moved to Pella to begin his work with a boy who would soon be known as Alexander the Great. When Aristotle moved back to Athens in 352 BC, Alexander helped finance the school of Aristotle - Lyceum. An important part of the Lyceum is research. Schools have a systematic approach to information gathering. Aristotle believed that dialectical relationships among students who undertook research could hinder the pursuit of the truth. Thus, much of the school's focus is on empirical research.
Maps Education in ancient Greece
Spartan System
The Spartans want all male citizens to be a successful army with the stamina and skills to maintain their policy as members of the Spartan phalanx. There is no misunderstanding that the Spartans are killing weak children, but that is not true. It was a rumor started by Plutarch, a Greek historian, who turned out to be wrong in its history. After the examination, the council will decide that the child is fit to live or will reject the child who sentenced him to death for being abandoned and exposed.
Agoge
Military dominance is very important for the Spartans of Ancient Greece. In response, the Spartans compiled their educational system as an extreme form of military training camp, which they referred to as agoge . The pursuit of intellectual knowledge is seen as trivial, and thus academic learning, such as reading and writing, is kept to a minimum. The life of a Spartan boy is almost entirely devoted to his school, and the school has only one purpose: to produce an almost indestructible Spartan phalanx . Formal education for Spartan men began around the age of seven when the state took the boy out of his parents' custody and sent him to live in a barracks with many other boys of his age. For all intents and purposes, barracks are his new home, and other men who live in his family barracks. Over the next five years, until about the age of twelve, boys will eat, sleep and train in their barracks units and receive instructions from an adult man who has completed all his military training and experienced combat. The instructor emphasizes discipline and practice and ensures that his students receive minimal food and clothing in an attempt to force boys to learn how to feed, steal and endure extreme hunger, all of which will be necessary skills in the course of war. The surviving boys from the first stage of training enter the second stage where punishment becomes harder and more physically active and training in sports almost nonstop to build strength and resilience. During this stage, which lasted until the men were about eighteen years old, the battle inside the unit was encouraged, the silent fighting was done, the act of bravery was praised, and the signs of cowardice and disobedience were severely punished. During a mock battle, youths are formed into phalanxes to learn to maneuver as if they are an entity and not a group of individuals. To be more efficient and effective during maneuvers, students are also trained in dancing and music, as this will enhance their ability to move gracefully as a unit. Toward the end of this agoge phase, participants are expected to hunt down and kill Helot, a Greek slave. If caught, students will be punished and disciplined-not for committing murder, but because of their inability to complete murder without being found.
Ephebe
The students will graduate from agoge at the age of eighteen and receive the title ephebes . After becoming ephebe, men will pledge strict and complete devotion to Sparta and will join a private organization to continue training where he will compete in gymnastics, hunting and performances with a planned battle using real guns. After two years, at the age of twenty, the training is completed and the people today are officially regarded as Spartan warriors.
Spartan women education
Spartan women, unlike their counterparts in Athens, receive formal education supervised and controlled by the state. Many public schools accepted by Spartan women revolve around physical education. Until about the age of eighteen women were taught to run, wrestle, throw discus, and also throw a javelin. Skills of young women are regularly tested in competitions such as the annual footrace in Heraea of ​​Elis, In addition to physical education, young girls are also taught to sing, dance, and play the instruments frequently by travel poets such as Alcman or by women old in the policy. The Spartan education system for women is very strict because the aim is to train future warrior mothers to retain the power of Sparta phalanxes, which are important for defense and Spartan culture.
Other Greek teachers
Pythagoras (570-490 BCE)Pythagoras is one of many Greek philosophers. He lived his life on the island of Samos and was known for his contributions to mathematics. Pythagoras taught philosophy of life, religion, and mathematics at his own school in Kroton, which was a Greek colony. The school of Pythagoras is related to the theorem that states that the sum of the other two sides is equal to the square on the oblique side of the right triangle. The students of Pythagoras are known as pythagoras.
Pythagoreans
Pythagorean follows a very specific way of life. They are famous for friendship, unselfishness, and honesty. The pythagorean also believe in life after the flow that drives them to be people who have no attachment to personal belongings, all of which are communal; they are vegetarian too. People in pythagorean society are known as mathematikoi.
Teachings
There are two forms taught by Pythagoras, Eksoteris and Esoterik. Exoteric is a generally accepted teaching idea. These courses lasted three years for mathematics. Esoteric is a deeper teaching of meaning. These teachings have no time limit. They submit when Pythagoras thinks the students are ready. In Esoteric, students will learn the philosophy of inner meaning. Pythagoras's focus in his Exoteric teachings is ethical teaching. Here, he taught the idea of ​​the opposite in the world; the dynamics behind the opposite balance. Along with the more famous achievements, Pythagorean taught various mathematical ideas. They are taught the following; The number of Angles in a triangle, the Pythagoras theorem, the irrational number, the five certain regular polygons, and that the earth is the sphere at the center of the universe. Many people believe that the mathematical ideas that Pythagoras brought to the table allowed reality to be understood. Is reality seen as ordered or whether it has only a geometric structure. Although Pythagoras has many contributions to mathematics, his most recognizable theory is that it is itself a number. Pythagoras has a unique teaching style. He never appears face-to-face with his students on an exoteric course. Pythagoras will regulate the flow and face another direction to overcome it. The students after passing their education become initiates to become disciples. Pythagoras is much more familiar with the initiated and will speak to them personally. The specialty taught by pythagoras is its theoretical teaching. In the Crotona community, Pythagoras is known to be the master of all science and fraternity.
School rules
Unlike other educational systems at the time, men and women were allowed to become Pythagoras. The students of Pythagoras have rules to follow such as, abstaining peanuts, not taking things that have fallen, not touching white chickens, can not stir the fire with iron, and not look into a mirror other than light.
Math and music
Some mathematical applications of Pythagoras can be seen in their musical relationship with mathematics. Idea of ​​proportion and ratio. Pythagorean is known to formulate agreements and numerical harmony. They gather votes by strumming. The fact that musicians intend to pluck it at an expressive mathematical point. However, if the mathematical proportions between the points on the rope are damaged, the sound will become unstable.
Dictum school
The Pythagoras school has a dictum that says All is a number . This means that everything in the world has numbers that describe it. For example, the number of six numbers related to creation, the number five is the number associated with marriage, the number four is the corresponding number for justice, the number three is the number corresponding to harmony, the number two is the number corresponding to the opinion, and the number one is the number corresponding to the reason.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments