Crazy teenagers are gangs that are growing among teenagers. In the social sciences, the " click " is used to describe groups 2 to 12 (average 5 or 6) "that interact with each other more regularly and more intensely than others in the same setting". Clique is distinguished from the "crowd" in terms of their members interacting with each other (eg hang out together, go shopping, play basketball). The crowds, on the other hand, are defined by reputation. Although the word 'click' or 'cliche' is often used in everyday conversations to describe the relational aggression or gossip behavior of a socially dominant, socially inaccurate teenage girl group. Interacting with gangs is part of normative social development regardless of gender, ethnicity, or popularity. Although gangs are most often learned during adolescence and middle childhood, they exist in all age groups.
Video Adolescent cliques
Definisi
As children enter adolescence, cultural, biological and cognitive changes cause variations in their daily lives. Teenagers spend less time with their parents and start participating in structured and unstructured peer activities. Without the direct presence of their parents or other adults, their peer network begins to be the main context for most socialization and activity. These social "groups" fundamentally affect the lives and development of adolescents. Perhaps because they are perceived as an external threat to parental authority, undesirable changes in adolescent behavior are often associated with gangs. In this situation, gangs are described as "social groupings of people who show a lot of peer pressure to their members and are exclusive, based on superficial differences". The researchers, however, question this assumption: based on empirical data from both their experiments and their ethnography shows that the click structure characterizes many networks of friends within each given school, not all of which negatively affect teenagers. The definition of a more neutral and scientific clause is "the grouping of people who interact with each other more regularly and intensely than others in the same setting".
Although gangs can range from two to twelve, clicks typically consist of five or six homogeneous people in age, gender, race, social status, and socioeconomic background. Finer determinants of group membership, such as shared interests and values, take precedence as adolescents to develop more sophisticated abstract cognitive function (hereinafter), allowing them to categorize individuals in a smoother way and better interpret social interactions. The consistent group identity enables individuals to overcome the anonymity and intimidation that often accompanies the transition to high school.
Similar groups can reappear in adulthood in certain contexts, characterized by large, indistinguishable, and anonymous crowds. Overall, gangs are a temporary social phase. In general, the first click is formed early in adolescence with strict gender segregation, but in mid-adolescence, some sex-mixed activities in peer groups encourage cross-sex friendship relationships that begin restructuring clicks. During late adolescence, organized group structures usually dissolve into couples of related partners, which then remain the major social unit within and throughout adulthood.
Cliques are different from other peer groups that are often seen in the average school, often a reputation-based group such as athletes or nerds. The main difference is that these reputation-based groups do not always interact with each other, while group members interact with each other and have frequent social interactions. For example, football players are considered athletes, but not all members of the soccer team are always interacting with each other.
Maps Adolescent cliques
Clique Members
Common misconceptions
Although popular media portray a female gang almost exclusively (see examples in movies, television, and young adult fiction), click membership is almost equally distributed among boys. However, girls tend to form early gangs (11 years compared with 13 or 14 boys), which can contribute to a larger popular meaning of female gangs. In addition, the most important activities for most women include gossip and emotional sharing; this behavior appears to increase, revealing female clicks to outside observers. Gang males, on the other hand, tend to focus on activities that have occurred before the formation of clicks (common examples include basketball and video games), and thus may be less attention-grabbing on male gangs' performances. Male males may also be largely unnoticed because they often appear less exclusive to members of a non-click partner group. This last difference may arise because men more often report ambitions associated with acceptance and status throughout their crowd, whereas women are more likely to aspire to status and close bonds with only a few colleagues (ie a click). Men are also more likely to regard exclusive, proprietary, unethical behaviors, such as younger adolescents. The stereotypes of the cruel and unfriendly clan members are well supported in some cases, but other gangs are more open to drifters. Both attitudes appear in several gangs of both sexes and all social groups become more permeable with age. Similarly, although adolescents tend to associate with others who share the same ethnic and socioeconomic status, group membership is equally applicable across ethnic and economic backgrounds. Different gang characteristics within each demographic group also vary, although group members in a single group of people or demographic groups can not see all the differences in other groups (see also crowds).
Associate form
A number of recent studies confirm that regardless of gender, ethnicity or socioeconomic status, adolescents tend to fall into one of three categories: group members, connections, and isolates.
- Group Members : The majority of group member social interactions occur in the same small group. They consist of less than half the population of a particular school at a time, with higher concentrations among girls and younger classes.
- Liaison : Liaisers relate to multiple gang members and are generally considered positive by their peers.
- Isolates : Marked by some, if any, close associate relationship, these people do not regularly interact with click members. Isolated can be further classified by social agents:
- Volunteer status - This isolate deliberately avoids relationship formation.
- Enforced status - peers are actively excluding, mocking, or sacrificing these isolates (see relational aggression and bullying).
Stability over time
The type of membership is much more stable over time than membership in individual clicks: the isolates generally remain not socially engaged, the links remain the same consistently, and "group members" often switch from one click to another, but usually stay group members from time to time time. The objective objective itself also remains surprisingly stable. On average, gangs lose about a third of their members during a particular school year, but new members with similar characteristics tend to replace defectors, maintaining a click common identity. Clique membership becomes more stable over time, as well as more permeable, less exclusive, and less hierarchical. Contrary to popular belief, individual friendships are less stable throughout the school year. This is especially true for clicks and high-status individuals, where click members have to critically analyze their friendships and only socialize with the most popular peers or at risk of losing membership and status.
American gang type
Using click definitions, we can draw the distinction between different types of gangs a person can have. During adolescence, students may obtain membership for certain clicks to facilitate the secondary school process. Because adolescents imitate the same cultural standards tend to be friends and these friends tend to encourage aspects of their attitudes, behaviors, and clothing, the types of gangs commonly found in schools can vary significantly. Some of the more common types of gangs are: athletes, tomboys, cheerleaders, mean girls, strangers, players, hipsters, hippies, troublemakers, peacemakers, classroom clowns, "cool kids", artistic intellectuals, gangsters, wangsters, "ghetto kids", stoners/slackers, girly girls, scenesters, kids scene, punk, prep, skaters, goths, emos, skinheads, geek/nerds, and drifter.
click secondary school
Sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler claim that Middle School gangs can fall under four special labels:
- Popular Clicks - these click members are generally known to have the most friends in their school, and are seen as the most fun.
- Fringe Groups - members of this click follow the shadow of popular gang members - they mimic popular gang actions, structures and guidelines, but are not actually part of it. They are "in second place" for popular children.
- Friend Circles - members of a friendship circle tend to be groups of friends who share the same beliefs, interests, styles, appearances, or hobbies, or seek their own culture separate from other gangs.
- The Loners - members of this group seem to have very few friends, and prefer to work and be alone. Some people may feel jealous of those who belong to different groups.
The circle of friends can be divided into several categories, such as...
- Athletic Group - members of this group play sports inside or outside school. They tend to have many friends and sometimes with popular clicks. These children are usually in a regular relationship.
- The Nerds/Geeks - members of this group are diligent in learning, and very concerned about their schoolwork. Some may have social disorders, but most have friends in the same group. They prefer video games, learn, and read rather than play sports or go to major social events.
- The Punks/Emos - punk or emo gang members tend to have a small number of friends and difficulty interacting with others; they can be seen as violence or depression due to the use of makeup and dark clothing. This click is less common in high school than in high school.
click SMA
A social hierarchy of strong, yet unstable interaction structures between group members in each click is given. This hierarchy is always topped by members of the highest status, labeled by psychologists as "Leader" or "Queen of Bees". In the now famous ethnic teen ethnography of Queen Bees and Wannabes, author Rosalind Wiseman explains the standard set of roles most frequently adopted by male and female click members.
Women:
- Queen Bee - Leader: rules by "charisma, power, money, appearance, will, & manipulation".
- Sidekick - Lieutenant: always supports the opinion of Queen Bee .
- Banker - Gossip: collect and use information for its own benefit to be part of a click, then work for the benefits of Queen Bee and Sidekick .
- Floater - Similar to the Connector; is closely related to many clicks.
- Pleaser - Can sign in or out of clicks: immediately adopt all Queen ie and Sidekick opinions, but never get their approval and often treated with indifference by the Queen of Bees.
- Target - Outside of clicks; regularly excluded and humiliated.
Men:
- Leaders - Like Queen Bee except those respected: Athletic, tough, rich & & amp; get the girls.
- Flunkie - Like Pleaser , she does whatever is required of her, but she also responds to every member. Inadvertently disturbing others with his actions on a regular basis.
- Thug - Although often smarter than he allows, Thug communicates mainly through nonverbal persecution. He usually looks popular, but may have a rough past or a childhood.
- Get Wits - Groupies male clicks: respected by adults as "high achievers", but only unwanted tags for clicks.
Though too rigid to be completely accurate throughout the sample, this basic denomination is useful for discussing general and organizational behavior in gangs. The hierarchy of roles in gangs is significantly more stable than individual members. Maintaining a person's status and strength requires constant effort. Queen Bees and Leaders must work hardest to protect their positions and usually become manipulative and dislike in the process. For example, a Leader or Queen Bee can maintain an objective attention from itself with unexpected praise and criticism from other members (see relational aggression). They can also change the way people click on activities, values, and opinions to keep other members unsure of where they stand in groups. "
The Leader or Queen Bee also retains power over group membership - is done through the silent and explicit rejection of the prospective members - as well as the final decision in accepting new members, regardless of opinion other members. The majority of new memberships are generated from one of two approaches: invitations or apps. The "invite" approach comes from klen: current members click invite potential members either explicitly or by indirect socialization, which consists of clicks trying to show the fun and benefits of membership. Uninvited colleague candidates can also "sign up" by targeting the lowest ranked member and forward to the Leader or Queen Bee who will decide whether to accept him or her.
Elements of popularity
Sophisticated and adaptable social skills are the best predictors of popularity, but further popularity predictors are difficult to identify, especially since the "popularity" scheme represents the interaction between two different concepts. Popularity breaks down into sociometric status (sometimes called "likability"), which measures personal feelings of peers towards individuals, and perceived popularity, reflecting the status, prestige, and strength of the individual.
The socio-metric status is determined by characteristics that are universally valuable including social skills, hospitality, and sense of humor. The basics of perceived popularity, on the other hand, vary greatly. Some popular teenagers are high in both characteristics, but they more often develop in different individuals and groups, all considered "popular" during adolescence.
Regardless of the kind of popularity, very popular individuals influence local norms and behaviors in the same way: "teenagers are easily influenced by opinions from high-level peers to support activities they may reject and to run other ways of activity supported by low status. colleagues, even if they secretly enjoy it ". However, the popular individuals themselves have different prices depending on the roots of their status. Several recent studies have proven the discriminant validity of both groups and found that the perceived popularity in high school is predictive of alcohol use, sexual activity, and smoking. This can also be associated with a decline in sosiometric status that is lasting. Several recent studies have shown that long-term outcomes are generally more positive for individuals who are not Isolata or among the most popular during adolescence.
Among the structure click
Personal factors
Such status hierarchies within each gang set various gangs in each of the peer crowd. Crowds in certain schools are also perceived hierarchically. The rank of the crowd can sometimes change but is generally quite stable across time and school. Part of the click popularity status is based on the crowd with which the members of the association, so the same popular gang in the same crowd is more likely to move in the hierarchy than the similar crowd in the context of the larger counterpart.
Good because students meet and make friends with others who share their interests ("selection") and because a lot of click-time members, both free and structured, occur in other member companies ("socialization"), clicks are usually defined by attitudes and general activities. Among the most powerful determinants of clique membership are school orientation, adolescent cultural orientation, and involvement in antisocial behavior.
Orientation to school
Due to the time of study and the conflicting time of partying, most individuals are rarely exposed to individuals from the end of this spectrum during unstructured time. Membership in the same group with peers of very different grades is not uncommon. Individuals with only different views of the school, however, tend to belong to the same click, and socialization will likely reduce their differences over time. For example, girls' decisions about enrollment in advanced mathematics are significantly related to their close friends. A study of 78 high schools found that even controlling achievements in the past, the GPA of someone's close friends can help predict the value; actually "of all the characteristics of friends that affect teenagers' behavior, the school's performance of their friends has the greatest impact, not only on their own academic achievement, but also on their involvement in behavioral problems and drug use."
Orientation to youth culture
Similar feelings in music and clothing signal to others who share potential interests and values ​​and often suggest recreational activities and patterns of substance use that they approve. So adolescents who mimic the same cultural standards tend to be friends and these friends tend to encourage aspects of their attitudes, behaviors, and clothing. Participation in subcultures can also strengthen ownership. In many cases, click members can be easily identified by clothing only.
Research does not support the common belief that troubled teenagers have few or no friends. Instead, such people are attracted to each other and form their own gangs, though these friendships are often different from socially more socially acceptable friendships. This self-sorting trend applies in different ways for certain types of antisocial behavior. Some of the most studied are the use of substances, aggression, and symptoms of depression.
- Use of substance
The similarity in substance use is one of the most powerful factors in the development of clicks and enduring membership, even serving as an early predictor of friendship across gender and the most common basis for multi-ethnic gangs. Alcohol and drug use are predicted by the interaction between the amount of substances using a friend, the level of their substance use, and the perceived closeness to the friends; a substance-free teenager is not likely to seek or be accepted by a group characterized by frequent use of substances and is even less likely to remain substance-free after entering such clicks. Cliques typically fall into one of four categories and a reliable click membership predicts an individual's behavior.
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- High Functioning cliques consists of "a network of accomplished friends involved in school-based extracurricular activities and who report low alcohol use and some symptoms of depression."/li>
- browsing click on "show opposite pattern": not involved in school performance and organized activities, frequent use of alcohol and overload, and report some depressive symptoms.
- Invisible clicks do not encourage engagement "in many ways, including drinking."
- Get involved clicks consist of friends who "work in school, achieve fair value, and do not abstain or abuse alcohol."
Highly
Gravity against the same peer group can be very dangerous for teenagers with an aggressive tendency. A recent observational study of antisocial and aggressive children has determined that group members tend to live in the same neighborhoods, where they meet and bind through unstructured and unattended activities. Because antisocial groups encourage antisocial behavior, aggressive behavior tends to increase rapidly in aggressive adolescent groups. In the case of oppressors, this effect is so detrimental that those who are without friends are actually more likely to increase over time than those who have friends and generally experience better long-term outcomes. In the most extreme cases, these groups may become gangs or practices that are less organized, but equally dangerous, violent mischief
- Depression
Although these destructive fluctuations may develop among adolescent gender, which is based on aggression and delinquency is more often observed in men. In women, adjustment problems are more often manifested as an internalization problem, rather than a generalized problem of externalization among their male counterparts. Research shows, however, that both internalization and externalization behaviors are negatively correlated with strong subjective sense, a reliable group, even controlling adolescence, gender, ethnicity, family structure, and parental education levels.
Because young women, on average, both report stronger feelings than group members and place a greater interest in these feelings than their male counterparts, girls who do not feel welcome may be more vulnerable than boys who are equally excluded for shape and adapt to groups based on shared maladaptive behavior. If so, differences in the behavior of internalization or externalization of boys and girls can be enlarged during adolescence, contributing to the significant gender differences observed in adult outcomes such as incarceration and mood disorders. For example, the same cycle of selection and socialization known to aggravate aggression applies to the behavior of internalization associated with depression. One study of the onset of depression in adolescence found that even controlling the effects of age and progression of puberty, sex predicted some minor but significant differences: (a) depressive symptoms and negative associate relationships predicted to increase the degree of certainty seeking in female subjects; (b) initial levels of search for guarantees predicting decreased quality of friendships among girls and early levels of depressive symptoms, higher among girls, predicting low stability of friendships among all subjects; and (c) "assurance search combined with experience bad colleagues predicted, increase symptoms of depression in girls. "
Perhaps related to the role of search for guarantees, those who appreciate and experience social acceptance are far more likely to exhibit behavioral problems than those who assess group membership alike, but are unsure of their relationship. This relationship is better predicted by self-esteem than the actual quality of the relationship, although it is also directly related to disagreement in the assessment of personal and peer status. These effects tend to appear cyclically: troubled children are rejected by their peers for undesirable behavior, while rejected children receive less normative socialization and behave more problematic.
Demographic factors
Although there are exceptions, demographic factors typically affect the membership of teenage crowds even before actual gangs begin to form and often affect click membership more strongly than personal characteristics or behavior. Many of the effects on the click composition described below may be largely attributed to the crowd segregation.
Age
Because contemporary school systems divide children by age and majority structure most of the time adolescence and social exposure, age is the most universal common factor among group members; Important exceptions include friendships that form in the environment or on the internet and those starting with mature early puberty girls, all of which are often detrimental to younger friends.
Gender
Gender is probably the strongest demographic determinant of click composition in very early puberty. During childhood and early adolescence, social segregation between gangs is almost absolute. However, unlike other factors, gender division is temporary.
Socioeconomic status
Another less favorable determinant, a strong determinant of cluster formation is the socio-economic class. This trend was first published in the famous "Elmtown Youth Study", which found that "almost never teenagers from one social class associate with students from a grade of two ranked higher or lower". Various follow-up studies have confirmed that class consciousness continues to increase throughout adolescence, so in mid-teens the membership of different social backgrounds is highly anomalous.
Ethnicity
In the United States race remains a stronger determinant of friendship than socioeconomic status. Like socioeconomic status, ethnicity is not a strong determinant of childhood friendship, but it becomes stronger with age. In high school, mixed ethnic groups are rarely observed. This pattern of social segregation is strongest among black students and all other students and is most common in schools where students are divided into academic paths. This is because a variety of factors do not benefit black children, affecting performance in some cases and adult decisions in others so that in many cases black children disproportionately tend to be placed in the lower lanes, regardless of intelligence or performance resulting in an uneven distribution between tracks in the majority of American high schools. Researchers argue that because close friends in adolescence "typically have the same attitude toward schooling, similar educational aspirations, and similar school-level achievements," early tracking can reduce the exposure to peers from racial and socioeconomic backgrounds others and reduce the similarity felt to the majority of them. Colleagues The most acute racial division in schools is tracked but is vital to crowd and click composition in almost all American schools, and thus can not be attributed to, or altered by, any of the educational programs. More encouraging, however, longitudinal observation suggests that early childhood interventions may have the potential to influence social segregation: more schools encourage racial camaraderie relationships in childhood less segregated peer groups manifest.
Religion
The established factors in click composition are religion, affiliation, and participation. This is somewhat confused by overlapping socioeconomic status, but also relates to the correlation of religious behavior and selection by individuals and their peers.
The determinants and reputation effects
The reputation of Cliques is often determined by their most striking behavioral characteristics shared among their members. His trademark may be so prominent that it can dominate the way those click members are treated and treated by other peers regardless of individual differences that each member has. For example, click groups may be considered athletic, but say someone in the group is very smart and gets good grades in school. The individual will be treated on the basis of his athletic characteristics rather than his intellectual ability. When people are treated based on one characteristic, they change their self-image, which results in a change in who they are. This phenomenon is known as a self-mirror; individuals become more like their way of thinking perceived by others. So for an example where the individual is treated based on his athletic ability rather than his intelligence, the person may be more focused on the sport than doing well in school, causing him to be more like the click he is doing is part of. This phenomenon in which individuals in groups tends to be more similar to each other than to non-group members is known as homophily groups. Children almost always choose to be friends of people who have something in common with themselves, so why do similar features among click members build a click reputation and allow for different clicks.
Most people agree that children are influenced by whom they associate, but what is not well understood is a special characteristic of children of the same group. The focus of this author's research is to discover the different emotional and social effects that members of the same group have. For their study, they divided 473 fourth and fifth students into five groups, namely: competent, tough, average, withdrawn, and incompetent/aggressive. Researchers do this by asking students to rate their classmates on some characteristics; bright, fun, bluffing, attractive, athletic, prosocial, reactive aggression. They then measured differences among groups by asking children questions about peer social status and behavioral characteristics. For example, they ask participants to nominate up to three participating classmates who "try to get what they want by hitting, pushing, pushing or threatening others." In addition, they ask children questions about themselves that are considered to be the level of loneliness and social discontent of children.
Researchers found differences in emotional well-being and social satisfaction between different types of click groups. They found that competent and average groups showed positive characteristics such as good interpersonal skills, while the drawn, incompetent/aggressive and violent groups lacked emotional wellbeing and social satisfaction. Another finding is that the level of social status does not distinguish groups that are average, competent, and harsh from each other. Therefore, if a person is in one of these three groups, they are no more likely to have high social status than low social status. Their conclusion to these findings is that even when taking into account the level of individual social status, the type of insider click has a significant effect on their social and emotional characteristics.
Changes and stability in childhood
A recent study conducted by Witvliet, Van Lier, Cuijpers and Koot showed differences in behavioral characteristics between click members and non-click members in early elementary school, stability of click membership and whether the differences in these characteristics were gender-oriented. Three hundred first graders (151 boys, 149 girls) from eleven different elementary schools in the Netherlands participated. Children are examined by being asked to determine their best friends. This friendship is considered valid if the chosen friendship is repaid by the other child. Children are considered in groups when the following criteria are addressed 1) consists of at least three children 2) each child must have more connections with members than non-members and 3) relationships must occur between all click members. Children are then assessed by their peers to determine who is most liked over who is most liked. Children are also asked to determine the behavioral characteristics of the participants and that best fit the description of characteristics such as aggressive, anxious, etc. Peer studies are followed through every spring and children are given small rewards for their involvement. These results are then used to compare between clique members and non-clique members. These results are also used to discuss the characteristics of children while also segregating by sex. In the first class, 29 clicks were found with an average of 5.3 members. In the second class, 25 clicks were found with an average of 6.2 members. This study shows that click members tend to be more customized and that gender may have some form of influence on results. This study shows that isolated girls will have more behavior problems than isolated boys.
The influence of gangs on the development of psychopathology in children
Researchers have often conducted research to determine whether membership in the group results in positive or negative developments. In a 4-year study of 451 children from the age of nine to twelve, Miranda Witvliet along with Pol van van Lier, Mara Brendgen, Hans M. Koot, and Frank Vitaro examined the longitudinal association between clique membership status and internalization and externalization issues during childhood. In this quasi-experiment the researchers aim to find out whether clique membership status is associated with an increase in the psychopathology of children. Children from five different elementary schools in northwestern Quebec, Canada are participants of this particular study. In this study, click membership status was identified through social network analysis, and peer nominations were used to assess internalization and externalization issues. The study used the Kliquefinder program to identify clique membership status through social network analysis. Through the use of behavioral descriptions on Student Evaluation Inventory (PEI), peer nominations of externalization and internalization behavior were obtained.
Through this study, Witvliet, van Lier, Brendgen, Koot, and Vitaro noted that the problem of externalization increased among group members. They found that click members compared with isolated children showed, on average, an increase in the problem of externalization in the same period. While no gender differences were found in the relationship between clique membership status and internalization problems, the relationship was found between clique membership and increased externalization problems specific to boys only. The researchers claim that these results support the hypothesis that click members protect children against the development of internalization problems.
Reject gang
During intermediate adolescence, social norms that once forced genital mutilation shifted to encourage mixed-sex socialization. Single-sex groups start looking for groups of the opposite sex, although initially almost all direct interactions remain within individual gangs despite other clicks. Gradually, intersex relationships and sex-gang associations thrive, closely followed by the first romantic relationship, which usually occurs among teenagers who have puberty, high status, and are more physically developed. During the time of late adolescent romantic relations replace the cliché hierarchy as the most powerful determinant of social status and network dating couples eventually replace the more rigid gangs.
The chronological relationship between changes in gender dynamics and the dissolution of organized and hierarchical groups has been well established, but not fully understood. One theory asserts that gender divisions arise and diminish because gangs are largely sorted by common interests: girls and boys are generally attracted to different activities until dating arises, after which they share highly valued activities. (164) This idea is consistent with the direct relationship between the development of puberty and the appearance of same-sex peers. One possible explanation for this development argues that children are socialized from an early age to adapt to gender roles and during early adolescent cognitive development promote active self-presentation and anxiety over peer perceptions; as a result, early adolescents become more aware of both the benefits of conventional gender identity and the threat of ridicule or rejection in response to unorthodox behavior. According to this framework, gender segregation subsides because the same gender role that drives children away from anything related to the opposite sex also encourages teenagers and adults to show heterosexual desires and sexual/seductive competence. This argument explains the drastic change in the target of ridicule of those who are too androgynous in high school for those who can not or do not attract sexual interest in high school.
The effects of such social enforcement from gender roles can take the form of relational aggression, bullying, and gay intimidation.
Implications
Perhaps the most important finding of the empirical study of juvenile gangs is that they are not inherently negative forces, but rather a part of normative development in our society. While it is true that certain groups can adversely affect development, others can really benefit teenagers. In cases where the effect of negative clicks, it is encouraging to note that while most forms of intervention are quite effective and peer group interventions often produce iatrogenic effects, intervention with parents has yielded encouraging results.
See also
- Youth Period
- Kabal
- Click
- Collusion
- Crowd (adolescence)
- Youth subculture
- Relational aggression
- Oppression
- juvenile delinquency
- Simmelian tie
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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