Five ( , Spanish pronunciation: Ã, ['five] , Quechua: ['l? ma] , Aymara: [' five] ) is Peru's largest city and city. Located in the ChillÃÆ'³n river valley, RÃÆ'mac and LurÃÆ'n, in the central part of the country's coast, facing the Pacific Ocean. Together with the port of Callao, he formed an adjacent urban area known as the Five Metropolitan Territory. With a population of over 10 million, Lima is the most populous metropolitan area in Peru and the second largest city in America (as defined by "the right city"), behind SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as Ciudad de los Reyes . It became the capital and the most important city in Viceroyalty of Peru in Spain. After the Peruvian Independence War, he became the capital of the Republic of Peru. About one-third of the national population lives in a metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551, during the Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest university that continues to function in America.
In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the Pan American Games 2019. It also hosted the UN Climate Change Conference in December 2014 and the Miss Universe 1982 contest.
In October 2015, Lima hosted the 2015 World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund Meetings.
Video Lima
Etymology
According to an early Spanish article, the area of ​​Lima was once called Itchyma, after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, the famous oracle in the RÃÆ'mac valley was known by the visitors as Limaq ( Limaq , pronounced ['li.m? Q] , meaning" speaker "or" speaker "in the coastal Quechua which is the main language of the area before the arrival of Spanish). The oracle was eventually destroyed by Spain and replaced by the church, but the name remained true: the chronicles show "Lacmac" replacing "Ychma" as a common name for the area.
Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as a Spanish pronunciation of the original name of Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory because oral Spanish consistently rejects the consonant stops in the final position of the word. Non-Peruvian Spanish speakers may mistakenly define the city's name as a direct Spanish translation of "lemon", citrus fruit.
The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings (Ciudad de los Reyes) because basically it was decided on January 6, the date of the feast Epiphany. This name quickly became unused and Five became the city of choice; on the oldest Spanish map Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together.
The river feeding Lima is called the RÃÆ'mac and many people mistakenly assume that this is because the Inca's real name is "Speaking River" (the Inca speak the Quechua highlands where the word for "speaker" is pronounced ['rim? Q] ). However, the inhabitants of the valley were not the Incas. This name is an innovation arising from the efforts by the colonial nobility of Cuzco in the colonial era to standardize the toponym to fit the phonology of Cuzco Quechua.
Later, when the indigenous people died and the local Quechua became extinct, Cuzco's pronunciation prevailed. Today, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between their city name and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; However, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to becoming a reality.
Maps Lima
Symbol
Mark
Historically, Flag Five has been known as the "Banner of Peru's Kings' City". It is made of a gold silk canvas and embroidered in the middle is the emblem.
Anthem
The national anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on January 18, 2008, in a formal meeting with important politicians, including Peruvian President Alan GarcÃÆ'a, and other authorities. The anthem was created by Luis Enrique Tord (lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (music) and record producer Ricardo NÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± ez (arranger).
History
In the pre-Columbian era, what is now Lima is inhabited by indigenous groups under the Ychsma policy, which was incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 15th century. In 1532 a group of Spanish conquistadors , led by Francisco Pizarro, defeated the Inca rulers of Atahualpa and took over his empire.
When the Spanish Crown named Pizarro as governor of the land he conquered, he chose the Rèmac Valley to find its capital on January 18, 1535, such as Ciudad de los Reyes (City of Kings). In August 1536, the Inca rebel forces led by Manco Inca Yupanqui surrounded the city but were defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies.
Five gained prestige after being appointed as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the site of the Real Audiencia in 1543. Over the next century, it evolved as a center of vast trading networks that integrates Viceroyalty with the rest of America, Europe and the Far East. However, the city is not free from danger; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean led to the construction of the Five Walls between 1684 and 1687. The quake of Peru 1687 destroyed most of the city's buildings; The earthquake marked a turning point in the city's history as it coincided with a trade recession and escalating economic competition with cities like Buenos Aires.
In 1746, another powerful earthquake destroyed Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a major rebuilding effort under Viceroy JosÃÆ'Â © Antonio Manso de Velasco. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the ideas of the Enlightenment on public health and social control were in the form of development. During this period, Lima was affected by the Bourbon Reform due to its monopoly loss to foreign trade and its control over Peru's Upper mining region. The economic downturn of the city made his elite dependent on ecclesiastical and ecclesiastical appointments, and thus, reluctant to advocate for independence.
A joint expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General JosÃÆ'Â © de San MartÃÆ'n landed south of Lima in 1820 but did not invade the city. Faced with a sea blockade and guerrilla action on land, Viceroy JosÃÆ'Â © de la Serna e Hinojosa evacuated his capital in July 1821 to rescue Royalis forces. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose order, the city council invited San MartÃÆ'n to Lima and signed the Declaration of Independence at his request. However, the war is not over yet; in the next two years, the city changed hands several times.
After independence, Lima became the capital of the Peruvian Republic but economic stagnation and political turmoil drove city development to a halt. This intentions ended in the 1850s, when the increase in public and private revenues from guano exports led to the rapid development of the city. Export-led expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, prompting social unrest. During the Pacific War of 1879-1883, Chilean troops occupied Lima, looting public museums, libraries, and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and Asians; firing their property and business. The city underwent renewal and expansion from the 1890s through the 1920s. During this period the urban layout was modified by the construction of a wide road that crossed the city and linked it with neighboring towns.
On May 24, 1940 the earthquake destroyed most of the city, which at that time was mostly built from adobe and quincha. In the 1940s Five started a period of rapid growth sparked by migration from the Andean region, as rural people looked for opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million in 1960 and 4.8 million in 1980. At the beginning of this period, urban areas were confined to a triangular area bounded by the historic center of the city, Callao and Chorrillos; in subsequent decades the settlements spread northward, beyond the River RÃÆ'mac, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south. New migrants, initially confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasion, which evolved into slum cities, known as pueblos jÃÆ'³venes.
Geography
The urban area covers about 800 km 2 (310Ã, sqÃ, mi). It lies on most flat plains on the coastal plains of Peru, within the valleys of the ChillÃÆ'³n, RÃÆ'mac and LurÃÆ'n rivers. The city stretches slowly from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to the valleys and mountain slopes that are located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Inside the city there are remote hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. San Cristobal Hill in the RÃÆ'mac District, located just north of the downtown area, is a local extreme from the growth of the Andes hill.
Metro Lima covers 2,672.28 km 2 (1,031.77 sqÃ, mi), of which 825.88 km 2 (318.87 sq., Mi) (31%) comprises of the actual city and 1,846.40 Ã, km 2 (712.90Ã, sqÃ, mi) (69%) suburbs. The urban area extends about 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and about 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland on the banks of the River Racac, a vital resource for the city, for bringing what will be drinking water for its residents and hydroelectric dam fuel that provides electricity to the area.. Although there is no official administrative definition for the city, it is usually thought to consist of centers of 30 of the 43 districts in Lima Province, which are associated with urban areas centered around the historic Cercado de Lima district. The city is the core of Lima Metro Area, one of the top ten metropolitan areas in America. Lima is the third largest desert city in the world, after Karachi, Pakistan, and Cairo, Egypt.
Climate
Despite its location in the tropics and in the desert, Lima's closeness to the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean causes temperatures far lower than expected for the tropical desert and thus Lima can be classified as a quiet desert climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen: BWn ) with subtropical temperature range. Temperature rarely drops below 14 Â ° C (57 Â ° F) or rises above 29 Â ° C (84 Â ° F). Two different seasons can be identified: summer, from December to April; and winter from June to October. The months of May and November are generally the transition months, with a more dramatic transition of warm-to-cold weather.
The daily temperature oscillates between the lowest of 18 ° C (64 ° F) to 22 ° C (72 ° F) and the highest 24 ° C (75 ° F) to 29 ° C (84 ° F). Sometimes beach fog in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings can be present. The colorful summer sunsets, labeled by the locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "witch skies"), because the sky usually changes the shades of orange, pink and red around 7pm. Winter weather is very different. The sky is gray, windy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures. Length (1 week or more) dark cloudy sky overlay is not uncommon. The morning drizzle is constantly occurring sometime from June to September, lining the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up late in the afternoon. The winter temperatures vary slightly between day and night. Starting from a low of 14 ° C (57 ° F) to 16 ° C (61 ° F) and highest 16 ° C (61 ° F) to 19 ° C (66 ° F), rarely exceeds 20Ã, Â ° C (68Ã, Â ° F) except in the easternmost district.
Relative humidity is always very high, especially in the morning. High humidity produces a brief early morning fog in early summer and is usually a low cloud of clouds continuously during the winter (generally developing in May and lasting until late November or even early December). The dominant land flow makes the region of Lima one of the most cloudy among the entire coast of Peru. Five only have 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 184 hours in April, which is very little for latitude. The depth of winter prompts locals to seek sunlight in the Andes valley located at an altitude generally above 500 meters above sea level.
While the humidity is relatively high, rainfall is very low due to the strong atmospheric stability. Very low rainfall affects the water supply in the city, coming from wells and from rivers flowing from the Andes. The inland area receives between 1 to 6 cm (2.4 in) rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during winter. The coastal district only accepts 1 to 3 cm (1.2 inches). As mentioned earlier, winter precipitation takes place in the form of a continuous morning drizzle. This is locally called 'garÃÆ'ºa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. Summer rains, on the other hand, are rare and occur in the form of isolated light and brief rain. This generally occurs during the afternoon and evening when the rest of the Andean storms come from the east. Lack of high rainfall arises from the high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cold water from the semi-permanent upwelling of the beach and the presence of Humboldt Current cold and high warm air associated with the South Pacific anticyclone.
Climate Five (like most coastal Peru) is severely disrupted in the El Nià ± o events. The water is usually about 17-19 ° C (63-66  ° F), but it becomes warmer (as in 1998 when water reached 26 ° C (79 ° F)). Air temperature increases.
Demographics
With the city population of 8,852,000 and 9752,000 for the metropolitan area and the population density of 3,008.8 soul per square kilometer (7,793/sqa, mi) in 2007. Five ranks as the 30th largest 'agglomeration' in the world, by 2014, and the largest city second in South America in terms of population within the city limits, after Sao Paulo. Its population displays a complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Mestizo Amerindian and European mixed breeds (mostly Spanish and Italians) are the largest ethnic group. Peru Europe (white people) is the second largest group. Many of the descendants of Spain, Italy or Germany; many others are of French, English, or Croatian ancestry. Minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly Aymara and Quechua) and Afro-Peruvians, whose ancestors in Africa were originally brought into the region as slaves. The Jews of European and Middle Eastern descent were there. Asians, mainly Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese, mostly come in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Five so far, the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.
The first settlement in the area of ​​Lima consists of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built across the River RÃÆ'mac and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Five later have a population of about 26,000; Black skin consists of about 40% and white skin comprises about 38%. In 1748, the white population numbered 16,000-18,000. In 1861, the population surpassed 100,000 and in 1927, doubled.
During the early 20th century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including people of European descent. They organize social clubs and build their own schools. Examples are the American-Peruvian schools, Alianza Francesa de Lima, Lycà © à © Franco-PÃÆ'  © ruvien and Maison de Sante hospitals; Markham College, British-Peruvian school in Monterrico, Italian District School Antonio Raymondi, Swiss Pestalozzi School and also, some German-Peruvian schools.
The Chinese and a small number of Japanese came to Lima and built themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima. Residents of Lima refer to their Chinatown as Calle Capon and Chifa restaurants are everywhere in the city - small, typically Chinese-run restaurants serving Peru's rounds of Chinese cuisine - can be found by dozens here. enclave.
In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population in 49 districts in Lima was 9752,000 people, including the Province of the Callao Constitution. Cities and (metropolitan areas) represent about 29% of the national population. Of the city population 48.7% were male and 51.3% were female. 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Province Callao Constitution, Lima Centro (Lima Tengah) and Lima Sur (Lima Selatan). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Five Estes with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district of San Juan de Lurigancho, which houses 1 million people.
Lima is considered a "young" city. According to INEI, by mid-2014 the age distribution in Lima is: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59 and 10, 6% above 60.
Migration to Lima from Peru is quite large. By 2013, 3,480,000 people report coming from other regions. It represents nearly 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three areas that supply most of the migrants are Junin, Ancash, and Ayacucho. Instead only 390,000 emigrated from Lima to other areas.
The annual population growth rate is 1.57%. Some of the 43 metropolitan districts are much denser than others. For example, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador and Villa Maria del Triunfo host more than 400,000, while San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince and Barranco have fewer than 60,000 inhabitants.
A 2005 household survey survey shows the socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. It uses a monthly family income of 6,000 soles (about US $ 1,840) or more for the socioeconomic level of A; between 2,000 soles (US $ 612) and 6,000 soles (US $ 1,840) for level B; from 840 soles (US $ 257) to 2,000 soles (US $ 612) for level C; from 420 soles (US $ 128) to 1200 soles (US $ 368) for level D; and up to 840 soles (US $ 257) for E levels. In Lima, 18% are at level E; 32.3% at level D; 31.7% at level C; 14.6% at level B; and 3.4% at level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households earning less than 2,000 soles (or US $ 612) every month. Other prominent differences between socioeconomic levels include higher education level, car ownership and house size.
At Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of people living in households in poverty is 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households unable to access basic food and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transport and health. Poverty rates have fallen from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). Lima Sur is the region in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty (17.7%), followed by Five Estes (14.5%), Five Norte (14.1%) and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, which means that they can not access basic food baskets.
Economy
Five is the industrial and financial center of the country and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America, home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production and most of its tertiary sector.
The Metropolitan Region, with about 7,000 factories, leads the development of the industry, thanks to the quantity and quality of available manpower, transportation and other infrastructure. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are produced and/or processed. The financial district is in San Isidro, while much industrial activity takes place in the west of the city center, stretching to the airport in Callao. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional hub for the cargo industry.
Industrialization began in the 1930s and 1950s, through import substitution policies, manufacturing accounted for 14% of GNP. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were produced in factories located in Lima.
Callao Port is one of the major fishing and trading ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 hectares) and shipping 20.7 million metric tons of cargo in 2007. Major export items are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.
In 2003, Lima generated 53% of GDP. Most of the foreign companies in Peru live in Lima.
In 2007, Peru's economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in South America. The stock exchange rose 185.24% in 2006 and in 2007 by 168.3% again, making it one of the fastest growing stock markets in the world. In 2006, Stock Exchange Five was the most profitable in the world.
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit 2008 and Latin America, the Caribbean and the EU Summit were held there.
Five are headquarters for banks such as Banco de Crà © Ã… © dito del PerÃÆ'º, Scotiabank PerÃÆ'º, Interbank, Bank of the Nation, Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Finaciero, Banco de Comercio and CrediScotia. This is the regional headquarters for Standard Chartered. Insurance companies based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta and La Positiva.
Government
National
Lima is the capital of the Republic of Peru and Lima province. Thus, it is home to three branches of the Government of Peru.
The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace, located at Plaza Mayor. All the ministries are in town.
The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of the Peruvian Republic.
The Judicial Branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Peruvian Supreme Court. The Palace of Justice in Lima is the seat of the Supreme Court of Justice of the highest court in Peru with jurisdiction over the whole of Peru. Five are seats of two of the 28 highest or second highest courts. The first and oldest High Court in Lima is the Judicial High Court, belonging to the Judicial District and. Because of Peru's judicial organization, the highest concentration of courts lies in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the 43 districts. The High Court of Cono Norte is the second High Court located in Lima and is part of the North Lima Judicial District. The district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in the northern part of Lima.
Local
The city is roughly equivalent to Lima Province, which is divided into 43 districts. Metropolitan cities have authority over entire cities, while each district has its own local government. Unlike other areas of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a provincial municipality, acts as and has a similar function to the local government, as it does not belong to any of the 25 Peruvian territories. Each of the 43 districts has their own distrital municipality in charge of its own district and coordinates with the metropolitan municipality.
Political system
Unlike other areas of the country, Metropolitan Municipality has the function of local government and is not part of administrative territory, according to Article 65. 27867 Local Government Law enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is a political authority for departments and cities. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration includes local municipal authorities.
International organization
Lima is home to the headquarters of the Andean Community of Nations, along with other regional and international organizations.
Cityscape
Architecture Five offers a blend of styles. Examples of early colonial architecture include the San Francisco Monastery, Cathedral and Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by the Spanish Baroque, Spanish Neoclassical and Spanish Colonial style. After independence, preference gradually shifts towards neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles. Many of these works are influenced by French architectural styles. Many government buildings and major cultural institutions were built during this period. During the 1960s, a brutal force began to emerge in Lima because of the military rule of Juan Velasco Alvarado. Examples of this architecture include the Museum of Nations and the Ministry of Defense. Early 21st century added glass skyscrapers, especially around the financial district.
The largest parks are near the city center, including the Nature Reserve Park, the Exhibition Park, Campo de Marte, and the University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Water Magic Circuit. Many large parks are located outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Villa Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Sanctuary, El Golf (San Isidro), Parque de las Leyendas (Lima Zoo), El Malecon de Miraflores and Los Incas Golf.
The road network is laid out in a plaza system similar to roundabouts or intersections. In addition to this practical purpose, Plaza serves as the main green space and contains monuments, sculptures and fountains.
Society and culture
Strongly influenced by European culture, the Andes, Africa and Asia, Lima is a melting pot, due to colonization, immigration and indigenous influences. The Historical Center was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
The city is known as Gastronomical Capital of the Americas, that blends Spanish, Andean and Asian culinary traditions.
Five beaches, located along the northern and southern tip of the city, are highly visited during the summer. Restaurants, clubs and hotels cater to the beach crowd. Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, including classical theater, cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, drama, dance and theater performances for children. Lima is home to the City Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British Theater, PUCP Cultural Center Theater and Yuyachkani Theater.
Language
Known as Peruvian Coast Spanish, Spanish Five is characterized by a lack of strong intonation as found in many other Spanish-speaking areas. This was strongly influenced by the Castilian Spanish. Throughout the colonial era, most of the Spanish-based nobility based in Lima came from Castile. Limean Castillian is also characterized by a lack of voseo , unlike many other Latin American countries. This is because voseo is mainly used by the lower Spanish socioeconomic class, the social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.
Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity compared to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italy, Andalusia, West Africa, China and Japan. It has also been influenced by anglicism as a result of globalization, as well as by the Andean Spanish and Quechua, due to the migration of the Andean highlands.
Museum
Lima is home to the highest concentration of museums in the country, especially the Museo Nacional de ArqueologÃÆ'a, the AnthropologÃÆ'Ã © e Historia del PerÃÆ'º, the Art Museum, the Museo Pedro de Osma, the Natural History Museum, the Nation Museum, The Sala Museo Oro del PerÃÆ'º Larcomar, Italy, the Golden Museum, and the Larco Museum. These museums focus on art, pre-Columbian culture, natural history, science and religion. The Museum of Italian Art shows European art.
Tourism
The History Center, comprised of the districts of Lima and RÃÆ'mac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. Some examples of colonial architecture include San Francisco Monastery, Plaza Mayor, Cathedral, Santo Domingo Monastery and Torre Tagle Palace.
The tour of the city churches is a popular circuit. A journey through the central district visiting churches dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, most important are the San Francisco Cathedral and Monastery, said to be connected by an underground catacomb. Both contain paintings, Sevilian tiles and carved wooden furniture.
Also famous is the Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas, home to the Lord of Miracles, whose October celebrations are the city's most important religious event. Some parts of the Wall are fixed and frequented by tourists. Examples of medieval Spanish fortresses were built to defend the city from attacks by pirates and pirates.
The beach is visited during the summer months, located along Pan-American Highway, south of town in districts such as LurÃÆ'n, Punta Hermosa, Santa MarÃÆ'a del Mar (Peru), San Bartolo, Miraflores and Asia beaches.
The suburbs of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac and the city of Chosica, are attractions among the locals. Since they are located at a higher elevation than the Five, they receive more sunlight in the winter, something that often lacks the city under seasonal mist.
Food
Five are known as Gastronomical Capital of the Americas . As an immigration center and Viceroyalty Spanish center, chefs include dishes brought by conquistadors and immigrant waves: Africa, Europe, China and Japan. Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants have joined the internal migrants from rural areas. Lima's cuisine includes Creole, Chifas, Cebicherias and Polleria meals.
In the 21st century, the restaurant became internationally renowned.
In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the aim of uniting Peruvian gastronomy to gather activities that would promote Peruvian food and strengthen Peru's national identity. The community, called APEGA, gathers chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomic training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers, and journalists. They work with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in the food market. One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixed" in Portuguese). Fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has increased from 30,000 to 600,000 by 2014. The fair exhibition gathers restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors, and cooking agencies from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.
Since 2011, several Lima restaurants have been recognized as the World's Best 50 Restaurants.
In 2016, Central was awarded # 4 (chef Virgilio Martinez and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded # 13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & amp; Gaston was awarded # 30 (chef Diego MuÃÆ' Â ± oz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio). In addition, Central was named the # 1 restaurant in the list of 50 Best Latin American Restaurants 2015. Of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we found: Central # 1, Astrid & amp; Gaston # 3, Maido # 5, La Mar # 12, Malabar # 20, Fiesta # 31, Osso CarnicerÃÆ'a y SalumerÃÆ'a # 34, La Picanteria # 36 and Rafael # 50. These restaurants combine ideas from around the country and world.
Peruvian coffee and chocolate also won international awards.
Sports
Town and has sports venues for football, golf, volleyball and basketball, many inside private clubs. The popular sport among Limenos is the fronton , a racket similar to the squash found in Lima. The city is home to seven international class golf networks. Popular Equestrianism in Lima with private clubs as well as HipÃÆ'³dromo de Monterrico horse racing tracks. The most popular sport in Lima is soccer with professional club teams operating in the city.
The historic Plaza de toros de Acho, located in the RÃÆ'mac District, a few minutes from the Plaza de Armas, hosts an annual bull game. The season runs from late October to December.
Five will host the 2019 Pan American Games.
The 131th IOC meeting was held in Lima. The meeting sees Paris elected to host the Summer Olympics of 2024 and Los Angeles elected to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
Subdivision
Five consist of thirty densely populated districts, each led by a local mayor and Mayor Lima, whose authority extends to this area and thirteen outlying districts of Lima province.
The city's historic center is located in the district of Cercado de Lima, locally known simply as Lima, or as "El Centro" and is home to most of the remnants of colonial past, the Presidential Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Gobierno ), Metropolitan City and (Spanish: Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima ), Chinatown and dozens of hotels, some operations and some dead, serving the national and international elite.
The upscale San Isidro District is the city's financial center. It is home to politicians and celebrities. San Isidro has parks, including Parque El Olivar, which is home to olive trees imported from Spain during the seventeenth century. The Lima Golf Club, a leading golf club, is located within the district.
Another upscale district is Miraflores, which has luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has parks and green areas, more than most of the other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping center and entertainment center built on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, features bars, dance clubs, cinemas, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, also located in this district. The center of nightlife, shopping and entertainment around Parque Kennedy, a park in the heart of Miraflores.
La Molina, San Borja, Pueblo Libre District, Santiago de Surco - home to the American Embassy and Club Polo Lima - and JesÃÆ'ºs MarÃÆ'a - home to one of the largest parks in Lima, El Campo De Marte - are the other five wealthy districts.
The most populous districts are located at the northern and southern end of the city (Spain: Cono Norte and Cono Sur, respectively) and they are mostly comprised of Andean immigrants who arrived in the mid- and late 20th century to seek a better life. and economic opportunities, or as a refugee of internal state conflicts with the Shining Path during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called Lima Norte), shopping centers like Megaplaza and Royal Plaza are built in the Independencia district, on the border with the Los Olivos district (the most residential neighborhood in the north). Most of the population is middle to lower class.
Barranco, which borders Miraflores in the Pacific Ocean, is a bohemian district of the city, home or once the home of writers and intellectuals including Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. The district has been recognized restaurant, a music venue called "peÃÆ' Â ± as" featuring traditional Peruvian coastal folk music (in Spanish, "mÃÆ'ºsica criolla") and a beautiful Victorian chalet. Along with Miraflores it serves as home to foreign nightlife scenes.
Education
Home to universities, institutions and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in the continent. Lima is home to the oldest continuing higher education institution in the New World, National University of San Marcos, founded in 1551.
Universidad Nacional de IngenierÃÆ'a (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer Edward Habich and is the most important engineering school in the country. Other state universities offer teaching and research, such as Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (the second largest), Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (where former president Alberto Fujimori has taught) and National University Callao.
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, founded in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions include Pacific University, ESAN University, Lima University, University of San Martin de Porres, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, University of South Sciences, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, University of Applied Sciences, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista and Palma Ricardo University.
City and has a total of 8,047 primary and secondary schools, both public and private, that educate more than one and a half million students. The number of private schools is much greater than that of public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for primary schools and 130 for secondary schools. Public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.
Five has one of the highest enrollment rates in high school and preschool. 86.1% of high school students in school, vs national average 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment rate in Lima was 84.7%, while the national average was 74.5%. Early child registration has increased by 12.1% since 2005. In primary school, enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.
The drop-out rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for primary school, which is higher. In Lima, primary dropout rates were 1.3% and 5.7% in secondary schools, while the national average was 1.2% in primary and 8.3% in secondary schools.
In Peru, second and fourth graders take a test called "Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes" (ECE). This test assesses the skills in reading comprehension and math. Scores are grouped into three levels: Below level 1 means students can not answer even the simplest questions; level 1 means the student does not reach the expected level of skill but can respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they reach/exceed the skills expected for their grade level. In 2012, 48.7% of students in Lima reached level 2 in reading comprehension compared to 45.3% in 2011. In mathematics, only 19.3% of students reached level 2, with 46.4% at level 1 and 34.2% less than level 1. Although results for Math are lower than for reading, in both areas the subject of performance increases in 2012 during 2011. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines.
Sistema pendidikan di Lima yang diselenggarakan di bawah kewenangan "Direktorat Pendidikan Daerah (DRE) Dari Lima" Yang pada gilirannya dibagi menjadi 7 sub-arah atau "UGELs" (Unit Manajemen Pendidikan Lokal): UGELs 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana Santa Maria dan Chilca), UGELs 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independence, Rimac give San Martin de Porres), UGELs 03 (Fencing, Lynx , BREA, Free Town, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria San Isidro), UGELs 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa dan Ancon), UGELs 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho da El Agustino ), UGELs 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla da Chaclacayo) give UGELs 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco de Chorrillos).
The UGEL with the highest results on ECE 2012 are UGEL 07 and 03 both in reading comprehension and math. UGEL 07 has 60.8% of students reaching level 2 in reading comprehension and 28.6% of students reach level 2 in Mathematics. UGEL 03 has 58.5% of students reaching level 2 in reading comprehension and 24.9% of students reach level 2 in math. UGEL with the lowest achievement are UGEL 01, 04 and 05.
23% of men have completed university education in Lima, compared with 20% of women. In addition, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The average school year in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).
Transport
Air
Lima is served by Jorge ChÃÆ'¡vez International Airport, located in Callao (LIM). It is the largest airport in the host country the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth largest hub in the Latin American air network. Lima has five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and the runways at Santa MarÃÆ'a del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.
Road
Five is the main stop on Pan-American Highway. Due to its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important crossroads in the Peruvian highway system. Three major highways start in Lima.
- The Northern Panamerican Highway stretches over 1,330 kilometers (830Ã, mi) to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern district and with many major cities along the coast of northern Peru.
- The Central Highway (Spanish: Carretera Central ) links the eastern districts and with cities in central Peru. This highway extends 860 kilometers (530Ã, mi) with its terminal in the town of Pucallpa near Brazil.
- The Southern Panamerican Highway connects the southern districts and cities on the south coast. This highway extends 1,450 kilometers (900 mi) to the border with Chile.
The city has one large bus station next to Plaza Norte mall. The bus station is the departure point and arrival point for national and international destinations. Other bus stations serve private bus companies around town. In addition, the informal bus station is located in the south, central and north of the city.
Maritime
The proximity of Lima to the port of Callao allows Callao to act as a major port of a metropolitan area and one of the largest in Latin America. Callao hosted almost all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port in LurÃÆ'n serves oil tankers because of nearby refineries. The maritime transportation within the Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to Callao.
Rel
Five are connected to the Central Andean region by Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the JunÃÆ'n department, Huancavelica, Pasco and HuÃÆ'¡nuco. Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica and Cerro de Pasco. The other inactive path runs from Lima to north to Huacho town.
Public
Five road networks are based mostly on large divided roads rather than highways. Five Operates nine highway networks - Paseo de la Republica expressway, Via express Javier Prado, Expressway Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Central Road, Callao Expressway, Chillon Trapiche Highway and Autopista Ramiro Priale.
According to the 2012 survey, the majority of the population uses public or collective transport (75.6%), while 12.3% use cars, taxis or motorcycles.
The urban transport system consists of more than 652 transit routes served by buses, microbuses and combis. This system is not organized and marked by informality. This service is run by 464 private companies poorly regulated by the local government. Average tariff of one sol or US $ 0.40 .
Taxis are mostly informal and without meter; they are cheap but have bad driving habits. Tariff is approved before passengers enter the taxi. Taxis vary in sizes ranging from compact four small doors to large vans. They account for most of the car's stock. In many cases they are just private cars with taxi stickers on the windshield. In addition, some companies provide on-call taxi service.
Colectivos
Colectivos provides express service on several major roads. Colectivos marked their special purpose with a mark on their windshield. Their routes are generally not published but are understood by frequent users. Costs are generally higher than public transport; However, they cover more distances at higher speeds due to lack of stops. This service is informal and illegal. Some people in the suburbs use what is called "mototaxis" for short distances.
Metropolitan Transport System
Metropolitan Transport System or El Metropolitano is an integrated new system, consisting of a bus network that runs in an exclusive corridor under the Bus Rapid Transit (BST) system. The goal is to reduce passenger traveling time, protect the environment, provide increased security and overall service quality. Metropolitano was executed with funds from Lima City and financed by the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank. Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, trying to reduce air pollution. This system connects the main points of the Metropolitan Area of ​​Lima. The first phase of the project has a 33 kilometer (21 mile) line (north) to Chorrillos (south). It started commercial operations on July 28, 2010. Since 2014, Council Five operates "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transportation system), which consists of buses over Avenida Arequipa. By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counts 244 buses on its central route and 179 buses on its feeding route. The average weekday usage is 437,148 passengers. Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturday and 33.3% for Sunday.
Metro
Metro Lima has twenty-six passenger stations, located at an average distance of 1.2 km (0.7 miles). It begins at the Villa El Salvador Industrial Park, south of the city, proceeds to Av. PachacÃÆ'ºtec at Villa MarÃÆ'a del Triunfo and then to Av. Los HÃÆ'Â roes in San Juan de Miraflores. After that, continue through Av. TomÃÆ'¡s Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av. AviaciÃÆ'³n and then across the Rimac river to complete, after nearly 35 km (22 miles), east of the capital in San Juan de Lurigancho The system operates 24 trains, each with six carts. Each cart has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operations in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average each day.
Other transport issues
Five have high traffic jams, especially during peak hours. 1 million 397 thousand vehicles are used by the end of 2012. The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offers economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. Recreational bike trails can be found in 39 districts. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that over a million and a half people use bike lanes by 2012. Bicycle lines run along 71 km (44 mi). They estimate that the use of bicycle paths prevents the emissions of 526 tons of carbon dioxide by 2012.
San Borja District is the first to implement a bicycle distribution program called San Borja en Bici. It supplies 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of which are connected to the Metro). As of December 2012, the program has 2,776 subscribers.
Challenges
Environment
Air
Five suffer most from air pollution. Sedimentary dust has solid particles that precipitate as dust on different surfaces or float in the air. The fine particles are the most dangerous given that they are capable of damaging the human respiratory system. The recommended limit for these particles by the World Health Organization is 5 ton/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest sediment dust concentration were El Agustino (46.1 ton/km2) and Independencia (25.5 ton/km2) in February 2014.
Water
The allowed limit of lead in water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the mineral concentration in the SEDAPAL water treatment facility was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values ​​increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. Values ​​are within the recommended limits.
Solid garbage
The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 pounds) per day. In 2012, each resident produces 273.36 kg (603 pounds) of solid waste. Municipal municipalities collect only about 67% of the solid waste they produce. The rest end up in informal dumps, rivers, or oceans. Three cities recycle 20% â € <â €
In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes are connected with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have electricity grid services. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available only a few hours a day.
Security
Security perceptions vary by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest uncertainty perception (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a survey in 2012. The five districts with the lowest insecurity perceptions are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.
Overall, 40% of the population in Lima over 15 years have been victims of crime. The younger population (ages 15 to 29) had the highest rates of victimization (47.9%). In 2012, citizens reported theft (47.9%): at home or place (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lower frequency. The districts with the highest casualty rates are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts according to the victim level are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. Interestingly, these districts do not always relate to districts with the highest or lowest insecurity perceptions.
While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, every district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. Serenazgos officials and resources vary by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 residents per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have ratios above 1,000 residents per official Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 residents per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.
Satisfaction with Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction levels can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction level can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).
Famous people from Lima
- Rose of Lima (the first Catholic in America to be declared a saint)
- Martin de Porres (The patron saint of the mixed race people)
- JosÃÆ'Â © BaquÃÆ'jano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida Economist, lawyer, author and politician from Viceroyalty of Peru
- Francisco Antonio de Zela (Revolucionary against Spanish domination)
- JosÃÆ'Â © Olaya (Afro-Peruvian hero)
- Ricardo Palma (Author)
- Jose de la Riva Aguero (First Country Head of Peru)
- Mario Testino (Celebrity Photographer)
- Gaston Acurio (Ambassador Chef of Peruvian Cuisine)
- Juan Diego Florez (Opera Singer - Tenor)
- Carlos Noriega (NASA Astronaut)
- Javier PÃÆ'Â © rez de CuÃÆ'Â © llar (Diplomat, Politician)
- Paolo Guerrero (Football Players)
- Saby Kamalich (Actress)
- Christian Meier (Actor, singer, model, entrepreneur)
- Jaime Cuadra (Music producer, composer, singer and voiceover artist)
- MarÃÆ'a Rostworowski (Historian)
- Fernando de Szyszlo (Painter, Sculptor)
- Jaime Bayly (Author, Journalist)
- Gian Marco Zignago (Singer-Songwriter)
- IvÃÆ'¡n Thays (Writer, professor, and television host)
- Luis Llosa (Film Director)
- Jefferson Farfan (Football player)
- Madeleine Truel (French-Peruvian who helps people from the Nazis)
- Gisela Valcarcel (TV host)
- Alex Valle (Peruvian professional fighting game player)
International relations
- Twin town - Twin cities
Five twins with:
See also
- The largest city in America
- List of Five districts
- List of Peru's metropolitan areas
- List of people from Lima
- A list of interesting sites in the Metropolitan Lima area
References
Note
Further reading
External links
- (in Spanish) Lima City
- Figure 1.40 gigapixel from Lima
- Geographic data related to Five in OpenStreetMap
- Five travel guides from Wikivoyage
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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